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Register a new userTemperature dependent three-dimensional anisotropy of the magnetoresistance in WTe$_2$
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Extremely large magnetoresistance (XMR) was recently discovered in WTe$_2$, triggering extensive research on this material regarding the XMR origin. Since WTe$_2$ is a layered compound with metal layers sandwiched between adjacent insulating chalcogenide layers, this material has been considered to be electronically two-dimensional (2D). Here we report two new findings on WTe$_2$: (1) WTe$_2$ is electronically 3D with a mass anisotropy as low as $2$, as revealed by the 3D scaling behavior of the resistance $R(H,theta)=R(varepsilon_theta H)$ with $varepsilon_theta =(cos^2 theta + gamma^{-2}sin^2 theta)^{1/2}$, $theta$ being the magnetic field angle with respect to c-axis of the crystal and $gamma$ being the mass anisotropy; (2) the mass anisotropy $gamma$ varies with temperature and follows the magnetoresistance behavior of the Fermi liquid state. Our results not only provide a general scaling approach for the anisotropic magnetoresistance but also are crucial for correctly understanding the electronic properties of WTe$_2$, including the origin of the remarkable turn-on behavior in the resistance versus temperature curve, which has been widely observed in many materials and assumed to be a metal-insulator transition.
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By combining bulk sensitive soft-X-ray angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and accurate first-principles calculations we explored the bulk electronic properties of WTe$_2$, a candidate type-II Weyl semimetal featuring a large non-saturating magnetoresistance. Despite the layered geometry suggesting a two-dimensional electronic structure, we find a three-dimensional electronic dispersion. We report an evident band dispersion in the reciprocal direction perpendicular to the layers, implying that electrons can also travel coherently when crossing from one layer to the other. The measured Fermi surface is characterized by two well-separated electron and hole pockets at either side of the $Gamma$ point, differently from previous more surface sensitive ARPES experiments that additionally found a significant quasiparticle weight at the zone center. Moreover, we observe a significant sensitivity of the bulk electronic structure of WTe$_2$ around the Fermi level to electronic correlations and renormalizations due to self-energy effects, previously neglected in first-principles descriptions.
A hallmark of materials with extremely large magnetoresistance (XMR) is the transformative turn-on temperature behavior: when the applied magnetic field $H$ is above certain value, the resistivity versus temperature $rho(T)$ curve shows a minimum at a field dependent temperature $T^*$, which has been interpreted as a magnetic-field-driven metal-insulator transition or attributed to an electronic structure change. Here, we demonstrate that $rho(T)$ curves with turn-on behavior in the newly discovered XMR material WTe$_2$ can be scaled as MR $sim(H/rho_0)^m$ with $mapprox 2$ and $rho_0$ being the resistivity at zero-field. We obtained experimentally and also derived from the observed scaling the magnetic field dependence of the turn-on temperature $T^* sim (H-H_c)^ u$ with $ u approx 1/2$, which was earlier used as evidence for a predicted metal-insulator transition. The scaling also leads to a simple quantitative expression for the resistivity $rho^* approx 2 rho_0$ at the onset of the XMR behavior, which fits the data remarkably well. These results exclude the possible existence of a magnetic-field-driven metal-insulator transition or significant contribution of an electronic structure change to the low-temperature XMR in WTe$_2$. This work resolves the origin of the turn-on behavior observed in several XMR materials and also provides a general route for a quantitative understanding of the temperature dependence of MR in both XMR and non-XMR materials.
We systematically measured the Hall effect in the extremely large magnetoresistance semimetal WTe$_2$. By carefully fitting the Hall resistivity to a two-band model, the temperature dependencies of the carrier density and mobility for both electron- and hole-type carriers were determined. We observed a sudden increase of the hole density below $sim$160~K, which is likely associated with the temperature-induced Lifshitz transition reported by a previous photoemission study. In addition, a more pronounced reduction in electron density occurs below 50~K, giving rise to comparable electron and hole densities at low temperature. Our observations indicate a possible electronic structure change below 50~K, which might be the direct driving force of the electron-hole ``compensation and the extremely large magnetoresistance as well. Numerical simulations imply that this material is unlikely to be a perfectly compensated system.
Two-dimensional (2D) tungsten disulfide (WS$_2$), tungsten diselenide (WSe$_2$), and tungsten ditelluride (WTe$_2$) draw increasing attention due to their attractive properties deriving from the heavy tungsten and chalcogenide atoms, but their mechanical properties are still mostly unknown. Here, we determine the intrinsic and air-aged mechanical properties of mono-, bi-, and trilayer (1-3L) WS$_2$, WSe$_2$ and WTe$_2$ using a complementary suite of experiments and theoretical calculations. High-quality 1L WS$_2$ has the highest Youngs modulus (302.4+-24.1 GPa) and strength (47.0+-8.6 GPa) of the entire family, overpassing those of 1L WSe$_2$ (258.6+-38.3 and 38.0+-6.0 GPa, respectively) and WTe$_2$ (149.1+-9.4 and 6.4+-3.3 GPa, respectively). However, the elasticity and strength of WS$_2$ decrease most dramatically with increased thickness among the three materials. We interpret the phenomenon by the different tendencies for interlayer sliding in equilibrium state and under in-plane strain and out-of-plane compression conditions in the indentation process, revealed by finite element method (FEM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations including van der Waals (vdW) interactions. We also demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the high-quality 1-3L WS$_2$ and WSe$_2$ are largely stable in the air for up to 20 weeks. Intriguingly, the 1-3L WSe$_2$ shows increased modulus and strength values with aging in the air. This is ascribed to oxygen doping, which reinforces the structure. The present study will facilitate the design and use of 2D tungsten dichalcogenides in applications, such as strain engineering and flexible field-effect transistors (FETs).
The carrier dynamics and electronic structures of type-II Weyl semimetal candidates MoTe$_2$ and WTe$_2$ have been investigated by using temperature-dependent optical conductivity [$sigma(omega)$] spectra. Two kinds of Drude peaks (narrow and broad) have been separately observed. The width of the broad Drude peak increases with elevating temperature above the Debye temperature of about 130 K in the same way as those of normal metals, on the other hand, the narrow Drude peak becomes visible below 80 K and the width is rapidly suppressed with decreasing temperature. Because the temperature dependence of the narrow Drude peak is similar to that of a type-I Weyl semimetal TaAs, it was concluded to originate from Dirac carriers of Weyl bands. The result suggests that the conductance has the contribution of two kinds of carriers, normal semimetallic and Dirac carriers, and this observation is an evidence of type-II Weyl semimetals of MoTe$_2$ and WTe$_2$. The obtained $sigma(omega)$ spectra in the interband transition region can be explained by band structure calculations with a band renormalization owing to electron correlation.
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