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Register a new userMajor Mergers Host the Most Luminous Red Quasars at z ~ 2: A Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/IR Study
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Eilat Glikman
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We used the Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 near-infrared camera to image the host galaxies of a sample of eleven luminous, dust-reddened quasars at z ~ 2 -- the peak epoch of black hole growth and star formation in the Universe -- to test the merger-driven picture for the co-evolution of galaxies and their nuclear black holes. The red quasars come from the FIRST+2MASS red quasar survey and a newer, deeper, UKIDSS+FIRST sample. These dust-reddened quasars are the most intrinsically luminous quasars in the Universe at all redshifts, and may represent the dust-clearing transitional phase in the merger-driven black hole growth scenario. Probing the host galaxies in rest-frame visible light, the HST images reveal that 8/10 of these quasars have actively merging hosts, while one source is reddened by an intervening lower redshift galaxy along the line-of-sight. We study the morphological properties of the quasar hosts using parametric Sersic fits as well as the non-parametric estimators (Gini coefficient, M_{20} and asymmetry). Their properties are heterogeneous but broadly consistent with the most extreme morphologies of local merging systems such as Ultraluminous Infrared galaxies. The red quasars have a luminosity range of log(L_bol) = 47.8 - 48.3 (erg/s) and the merger fraction of their AGN hosts is consistent with merger-driven models of luminous AGN activity at z=2, which supports the picture in which luminous quasars and galaxies co-evolve through major mergers that trigger both star formation and black hole growth.
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Galaxy interactions are thought to be one of the main triggers of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), especially at high luminosities, where the accreted gas mass during the AGN lifetime is substantial. Evidence for a connection between mergers and AGN, however, remains mixed. Possible triggering mechanisms remain particularly poorly understood for luminous AGN, which are thought to require triggering by major mergers, rather than secular processes. We analyse the host galaxies of a sample of 20 optically and X-ray selected luminous AGN (log($L_{bol}$ [erg/s]) $>$ 45) at z $sim$ 0.6 using HST WFC3 data in the F160W/H band. 15/20 sources have resolved host galaxies. We create a control sample of mock AGN by matching the AGN host galaxies to a control sample of non-AGN galaxies. Visual signs of disturbances are found in about 25% of sources in both the AGN hosts and control galaxies. Using both visual classification and quantitative morphology measures, we show that the levels of disturbance are not enhanced when compared to a matched control sample. We find no signs that major mergers play a dominant role in triggering AGN at high luminosities, suggesting that minor mergers and secular processes dominate AGN triggering up to the highest AGN luminosities. The upper limit on the enhanced fraction of major mergers is $leqslant$20%. While major mergers might increase the incidence of (luminous AGN), they are not the prevalent triggering mechanism in the population of unobscured AGN.
Theoretical models have suggested an evolutionary model for quasars, in which most of luminous quasars are triggered by major mergers. It is also postulated that reddening as well as powerful outflows indicate an early phase of activity, close to the merger event. We test this model on a sample of quasars with powerful low ionization outflows seen in broad Iron absorption lines (FeLoBAL). This sample of objects show strong reddening in the optical and fast ($sim$0.1c) high column density outflows. We present HST WFC3/IR F160W imaging of 10 FeLoBAL host galaxies at redshifts z$sim$0.9 ($lambda_{rest}sim8500AA$). We compare the host galaxy morphologies and merger signatures of FeLoBALs to luminous blue non-BAL quasars from Villforth et al. 2017 of comparable luminosity, which show no excess of merger features compared to inactive control samples. If FeLoBAL quasars are indeed in a young evolutionary state, close in time to the initial merging event, they should have strong merger features. We find that the host galaxies of FeLoBAL quasars are of comparable luminosity to the host galaxies of optical quasars and show no enhanced merger rates. When looking only at quasars without strong PSF residuals, an enhancement in disturbed and merger rates is seen. While FeLoBAL hosts show weak enhancements over a control of blue quasars, their host galaxies are not dominated by recent major mergers.
We present Hubble WFC3/IR slitless grism spectra of a remarkably bright $zgtrsim10$ galaxy candidate, GN-z11, identified initially from CANDELS/GOODS-N imaging data. A significant spectroscopic continuum break is detected at $lambda=1.47pm0.01~mu$m. The new grism data, combined with the photometric data, rule out all plausible lower redshift solutions for this source. The only viable solution is that this continuum break is the Ly$alpha$ break redshifted to ${z_mathrm{grism}=11.09^{+0.08}_{-0.12}}$, just $sim$400 Myr after the Big Bang. This observation extends the current spectroscopic frontier by 150 Myr to well before the Planck (instantaneous) cosmic reionization peak at z~8.8, demonstrating that galaxy build-up was well underway early in the reionization epoch at z>10. GN-z11 is remarkably and unexpectedly luminous for a galaxy at such an early time: its UV luminosity is 3x larger than L* measured at z~6-8. The Spitzer IRAC detections up to 4.5 $mu$m of this galaxy are consistent with a stellar mass of ${sim10^{9}~M_odot}$. This spectroscopic redshift measurement suggests that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to similarly and easily confirm such sources at z>10 and characterize their physical properties through detailed spectroscopy. Furthermore, WFIRST, with its wide-field near-IR imaging, would find large numbers of similar galaxies and contribute greatly to JWSTs spectroscopy, if it is launched early enough to overlap with JWST.
We present H-band observations of gravitationally lensed QSO host galaxies obtained with NICMOS on HST as part of the CfA-Arizona-Gravitational-Lens-Survey (CASTLES). The detections are greatly facilitated by the lensing magnification in these systems; we find that most hosts of radio-quiet QSOs (RQQ) at z~2 are of modest luminosity (L<L_*). They are 2-5 times fainter than the hosts of radio-loud QSOs at the same epoch. Compared to low redshifts, RQQ hosts at z~2 also support higher nuclear luminosities at given stellar host mass. This suggests that the supermassive black holes at their centers grew faster at early epochs than the stellar body of their surrounding host galaxies.
Using multiwavelength surveys of active galactic nuclei across a wide range of bolometric luminosities (10^{43}<L_{bol}(erg/s<5x10^{46}) and redshifts (0<z<3), we find a strong, redshift-independent correlation between the AGN luminosity and the fraction of host galaxies undergoing a major merger. That is, only the most luminous AGN phases are connected to major mergers, while less luminous AGN appear to be driven by secular processes. Combining this trend with AGN luminosity functions to assess the overall cosmic growth of black holes, we find that ~50% by mass is associated with major mergers, while only 10% of AGN by number, the most luminous, are connected to these violent events. Our results suggest that to reach the highest AGN luminosities -where the most massive black holes accreted the bulk of their mass - a major merger appears to be required. The luminosity dependence of the fraction of AGN triggered by major mergers can successfully explain why the observed scatter in the M-sigma relation for elliptical galaxies is significantly lower than in spirals. The lack of a significant redshift dependence of the L_{bol}-f_{merger} relation suggests that downsizing, i.e., the general decline in AGN and star formation activity with decreasing redshift, is driven by a decline in the frequency of major mergers combined with a decrease in the availability of gas at lower redshifts.
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