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Register a new user2-D straw detectors with high rate capability
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Precise measurement of straw axial coordinate (along the anode wire) with accuracy compatible with straw radial coordinate determination by drift time measurement and increase of straw detector rate capability by using straw cathode readout instead of anode readout are presented.
rate research
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This paper has the purpose to study the rate capability of the Resistive Plate Chamber, RPC, starting from the basic physics of this detector. The effect of different working parameters determining the rate capability is analysed in detail, in order to optimize a new family of RPCs for applications to heavy irradiation environments and in particular to the LHC phase 2. A special emphasis is given to the improvement achievable by minimizing the avalanche charge delivered in the gas. The paper shows experimental results of Cosmic Ray tests, performed to study the avalanche features for different gas gap sizes, with particular attention to the overall delivered charge. For this purpose, the paper studies, in parallel to the prompt electronic signal, also the ionic signal which gives the main contribution to the delivered charge. Whenever possible the test results are interpreted on the base of the RPC detector physics and are intended to extend and reinforce our physical understanding of this detector.
The HL-LHC phase is designed to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of data to be collected by the LHC experiments. To achieve this goal in a reasonable time scale the instantaneous luminosity would also increase by an order of magnitude up to $6.10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$ . The region of the forward muon spectrometer ($|{eta}| > 1.6$) is not equipped with RPC stations. The increase of the expected particles rate up to $2 kHz/cm^{2}$ (including a safety factor 3) motivates the installation of RPC chambers to guarantee redundancy with the CSC chambers already present. The actual RPC technology of CMS cannot sustain the expected background level. The new technology that will be chosen should have a high rate capability and provides a good spatial and timing resolution. A new generation of Glass-RPC (GRPC) using low-resistivity (LR) glass is proposed to equip at least the two most far away of the four high ${eta}$ muon stations of CMS. First the design of small size prototypes and studies of their performance in high-rate particles flux is presented. Then the proposed designs for large size chambers and their fast-timing electronic readout are examined and preliminary results are provided.
A fiber detector concept has been realized allowing to registrate particles within less than 100 nsec with a space point precision of about 0.1 mm at low occupancy. Three full size prototypes have been build by different producers and tested at a 3 GeV electron beam at DESY. After 3 m of light guides 8-10 photoelectrons were registrated by multichannel photomultipliers providing an efficiency of more than 99%. Using all available data a resolution of 0.086 mm was measured.
Migdal effect is attracting interests because of the potential to enhance the sensitivities of direct dark matter searches to the low mass region. In spite of its great importance, the Migdal effect has not been experimentally observed yet. A realistic experimental approach towards the first observation of the Migdal effect in the neutron scattering was studied with Monte Carlo simulations. In this study, potential background rate was studied together with the event rate of the Migdal effect by a neutron source. It was found that a table-top sized $sim (30rm cm )^3$ position-sensitive gaseous detector filled with argon or xenon target gas can detect characteristic signatures of the Migdal effect with sufficient rates (O($10^2sim10^3$) events/day). A simulation result of a simple experimental set-up showed two significant background sources, namely the intrinsic neutrons and the neutron induced gamma-rays. These background rates were found to be much higher than those of the Migdal effect in the neutron scattering. As a consequence of this study, it is concluded that the experimental observation of the Migdal effect in the neutron scattering can be realized with a good understanding and reduction of the background.
The intrinsic rate capability and the ageing properties of the Resistive Plate Chambers are closely related to the electrodes material and to the front-end electronics threshold. The development of a low noise pre-amplifier led us to improve the intrinsic rate capability of High Pressure Laminate (bakelite) up to $sim10;kHz/cm^2$, nevertheless the effective rate is significantly limited by electrodes ageing. To further improve the effective rate capability new materials are investigated. A Resistive Plate Chamber with crystalline semi-insulating Gallium Arsenide electrodes has been characterized with high energy electrons beam at the Beam Test Facility (BFT), (INFN National Laboratory of Frascati, Italy). The response of the Resistive Plate Chamber to multiple bunched electrons was measured operating the detector in avalanche mode. The intrinsic rate capability has been also measured operating the detector in a uniform high energy gamma radiation field at the GIF++ facility (EHN1 of SPS, CERN).
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