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Register a new userGalaxy bias and gauges at second order in General Relativity
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Daniele Bertacca DR.
Publication date
2015
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
Authors
Daniele Bertacca
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We discuss the question of gauge choice when analysing relativistic density perturbations at second order. We compare Newtonian and General Relativistic approaches. Some misconceptions in the recent literature are addressed. We show that the comoving-synchronous gauge is the unique gauge in General Relativity that corresponds to the Lagrangian frame and is entirely appropriate to describe the matter overdensity at second order. The comoving-synchronous gauge is the simplest gauge in which to describe Lagrangian bias at second order.
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We perform theoretical and numerical studies of the full relativistic two-point galaxy correlation function, considering the linear-order scalar and tensor perturbation contributions and the wide-angle effects. Using the gauge-invariant relativistic description of galaxy clustering and accounting for the contributions at the observer position, we demonstrate that the complete theoretical expression is devoid of any long-mode contributions from scalar or tensor perturbations and it lacks the infrared divergences in agreement with the equivalence principle. By showing that the gravitational potential contribution to the correlation function converges in the infrared, our study justifies an IR cut-off $(k_{text{IR}} leq H_0)$ in computing the gravitational potential contribution. Using the full gauge-invariant expression, we numerically compute the galaxy two-point correlation function and study the individual contributions in the conformal Newtonian gauge. We find that the terms at the observer position such as the coordinate lapses and the observer velocity (missing in the standard formalism) dominate over the other relativistic contributions in the conformal Newtonian gauge such as the source velocity, the gravitational potential, the integrated Sachs-Wolf effect, the Shapiro time-delay and the lensing convergence. Compared to the standard Newtonian theoretical predictions that consider only the density fluctuation and redshift-space distortions, the relativistic effects in galaxy clustering result in a few percent-level systematic errors beyond the scale of the baryonic acoustic oscillation. Our theoretical and numerical study provides a comprehensive understanding of the relativistic effects in the galaxy two-point correlation function, as it proves the validity of the theoretical prediction and accounts for effects that are often neglected in its numerical evaluation.
Next generation surveys will be capable of determining cosmological parameters beyond percent level. To match this precision, theoretical descriptions should look beyond the linear perturbations to approximate the observables in large scale structure. A quantity of interest is the Number density of galaxies detected by our instruments. This has been focus of interest recently, and several efforts have been made to explain relativistic effects theoretically, thereby testing the full theory. However, the results at nonlinear level from previous works are in disagreement. We present a new and independent approach to computing the relativistic galaxy number counts to second order in cosmological perturbation theory. We derive analytical expressions for the full second order relativistic observed redshift, for the angular diameter distance and for the volume spanned by a survey. Finally, we compare our results with previous works which compute the general distance-redshift relation, finding that our result is in agreement at linear order.
We study up to second order the galaxy number over-density that depends on magnification in redshift space on cosmological scales for a concordance model. The result contains all general relativistic effects up to second order which arise from observing on the past light cone, including all redshift and lensing distortions, contributions from velocities, Sachs-Wolfe, integrated SW and time-delay terms. We find several new terms and contributions that could be potentially important for an accurate calculation of the bias on estimates of non-Gaussianity and on precision parameter estimates.
We study the Post-Minkowskian (PM) and Post-Newtonian (PN) expansions of the gravitational three-body effective potential. At order 2PM a formal result is given in terms of a differential operator acting on the maximal generalized cut of the one-loop triangle integral. We compute the integral in all kinematic regions and show that the leading terms in the PN expansion are reproduced. We then perform the PN expansion unambiguously at the level of the integrand. Finding agreement with the 2PN three-body potential after integration, we explicitly present new $G^2v^4$-contributions at order 3PN and outline the generalization to $G^2v^{2n}$. The integrals that represent the essential input for these results are obtained by applying the recent Yangian bootstrap directly to their $epsilon$-expansion around three dimensions. The coordinate space Yangian generator that we employ to obtain these integrals can be understood as a special conformal symmetry in a dual momentum space.
Although general relativity (GR) has been precisely tested at the solar system scale, precise tests at a galactic or cosmological scale are still relatively insufficient. Here, in order to test GR at the galactic scale, we use the newly compiled galaxy-scale strong gravitational lensing (SGL) sample to constrain the parameter $gamma_{PPN}$ in the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism. We employ the Pantheon sample of type Ia supernovae observation to calibrate the distances in the SGL systems using the Gaussian Process method, which avoids the logical problem caused by assuming a cosmological model within GR to determine the distances in the SGL sample. Furthermore, we consider three typical lens models in this work to investigate the influences of the lens mass distributions on the fitting results. We find that the choice of the lens models has a significant impact on the constraints on the PPN parameter $gamma_{PPN}$. We use the Bayesian information criterion as an evaluation tool to make a comparison for the fitting results of the three lens models, and we find that the most reliable lens model gives the result of $gamma_{PPN}=1.065^{+0.064}_{-0.074}$, which is in good agreement with the prediction of $gamma_{PPN}=1$ by GR. As far as we know, our 6.4% constraint result is the best result so far among the recent works using the SGL method.
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