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Register a new userLaser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A versatile technique of elemental analysis and its applications
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Authors
V. N. Rai
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This paper reviews the state of art technology of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Research on LIBS is gaining momentum in the field of instrumentation and data analysis technique due to its wide application in various field particularly in environmental monitoring and in industry. The main focus is on its miniaturization for field application and on increasing its sensitivity. The sensitivity of LIBS has been increased by confining the laser produced plasma using external magnetic field as well as using two successive laser pulse excitation of plasma. LIBS has capability for simultaneous multi element determination, localized microanalysis, surface analysis and has been used successfully for determination and identification of hazardous explosive and biological samples. Experimental findings of LIBS study in different applications have been discussed.
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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a laser based diagnostics used to study atomic emission from the expanding plasma plume formed during the laser-matter interaction. It provides valuable information about the composition of the target material. LIBS has proved its potential application in the analysis of impurities, pollutants and toxic elements in various types of matrices of different samples (solid, liquid and gases), even those present under difficult and harsh environmental conditions. This article reviews some recent developments in the field, and its wide application in various fields of research and analysis.
Dual-comb spectroscopy utilizes two sets of comb lines with slightly different comb-tooth-spacings, and optical spectral information is acquired by measuring the radio-frequency beat notes between the sets of comb lines. It holds the promise as a real-time, high-resolution analytical spectroscopy tool for a range of applications. However, the stringent requirement on the coherence between comb lines from two separate lasers and the sophisticated control system to achieve that have confined the technology to the top metrology laboratories. By replacing control electronics with an all-optical dual-comb lasing scheme, a simplified dual-comb spectroscopy scheme is demonstrated using just one dual-wavelength, passively mode-locked fiber laser. Dual-comb pulses with a repetition-frequency difference determined by the intracavity dispersion are shown to be sufficiently stable against common-mode cavity drifts and noises. As sufficiently low relative linewidth is maintained between two sets of comb lines, capability to resolve RF beat notes between comb teeth and picometer-wide optical spectral features is demonstrated using a simple data acquisition and processing system in an all-fiber setup. Possibility to use energy-efficient, free-running fiber lasers with a small comb-tooth-spacing could enable the realization of low-cost dual-comb spectroscopy systems affordable to more applications.
We report on the development of an ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscope based on a laser-driven cold-field emission source. We first describe the instrument before reporting on numerical simulations of the laser-driven electron emission. These simulations predict the temporal and spectral properties of the femtosecond electron pulses generated in our ultrafast electron source. We then discuss the effects that contribute to the spatial, temporal and spectral broadening of these electron pulses during their propagation from the electron source to the sample and finally to the detectors of the electron microscope. The spectro-temporal properties are then characterized in an electron/photon cross-correlation experiment based on the detection of electron energy gains. We finally illustrate the potential of this instrument for ultrafast electron holography and ultrafast electron diffraction.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) show enhancement in its signal, when the laser-induced plasma is confined/decelerated under the effect of an external steady magnetic field or in a small cavity. An enhancement in LIBS signal has been observed ~2 times in the case of magnetic confinement. Combination of magnetic and spatial confinement provide enhancement by an order of magnitude. Theoretical analysis of the decelerated plasma has been found in agreement with the experimental observations. The enhancement in LIBS signal is found dependent on the efficiency of plasma confinement as well as on the time duration of laser. The saturation in LIBS signal at higher laser intensity is found correlated with electron-ion collision frequency as well as on the dynamics and instability of plasma plume. Possibility of further enhancement in emission has also been discussed.
A nonlinear interaction between photons is observed in a process that involves charge sources. To observe this process in a vacuum, there are a growing number of theoretical and experimental studies. This process may contain exotic contribution from new physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, and is probed by experiments using a high-power laser or a high-field magnet, and more recently using an X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). Here, we review the present status of our experiments testing various vacuum processes. We describe four experiments with a focus on those using an XFEL: (i) photon-photon scattering in the x-ray region, (ii) laser-induced birefringence and diffraction of x rays, (iii) vacuum birefringence induced by a high-field magnet, and (iv) a dedicated search for axion-like particles using the magnet and x rays.
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