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[Abridged] To effectively investigate galaxy formation and evolution, it is of paramount importance to exploit homogeneous data for large samples of galaxies in different environments. The WINGS (WIde-field Nearby Galaxy-cluster Survey) project aim is to evaluate physical properties of galaxies in a complete sample of low redshift clusters to be used as reference sample for evolutionary studies. The WINGS survey is still ongoing and the original dataset will soon be enlarged with new observations. This paper presents the entire collection of WINGS measurements obtained so far. We decided to make use of the Virtual Observatory (VO) tools to share the WINGS database (that will be regularly updated) with the community. In the database each object has one unique identification (WINGSID). Each subset of estimated properties is accessible using a simple cone search (including wide-field images). We provide the scientific community the entire set of wide-field images. Furthermore, the published database contains photometry of 759,024 objects and surface brightness analysis for 42,275 and 41,463 galaxies in the V and B band, respectively. The completeness depends on the image quality, and on the cluster redshift, reaching on average 90% at V<= 21.7. Near infrared photometric catalogs for 26 (in K) and 19 (in J) clusters are part of the database and the number of sources is 962,344 in K and 628,813 in J. Here again the completeness depends on the data quality, but it is on average higher than 90% for J<=20.5 and K<=19.4. The IR subsample with a Sersic fit comprises 71,687 objects. A morphological classification is available for 39,923 galaxies. We publish spectroscopic data, including 6,132 redshifts, 5,299 star formation histories and 4,381 equivalent widths. Finally, a calculation of local density is presented and implemented in the VO catalogs for 66,164 galaxies.
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New surveys such as ESAs Euclid mission and NASAs Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope are planned to map with unprecedented precision the large-scale structure of the Universe by measuring the 3D positions of tens of millions of galaxies. It is necessary to develop theoretically modelled galaxy catalogues to estimate the expected performance and to optimise the analysis strategy of these surveys. We populate two pairs of 1 (Gpc/h)$^3$ volume dark-matter-only simulations from the UNIT project with galaxies using the SAGE semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, coupled to the photoionisation model GET_EMLINES to estimate their Halpha emission. These catalogues represent a unique suite that includes galaxy formation physics and - thanks to the fixed-pair technique used - an effective volume of ~ (5 Gpc/h)$^3$, which is several times larger than the Euclid survey. We study the abundance and clustering of those model star-forming Halpha emission-line galaxies (ELGs). For scales greater than ~5 Mpc/h, we find for the ELGs a scale-independent bias with values in the range b $in$ [1,4.5], increasing with redshift over the interval z $in$ [0.5,2]. Model galaxy properties, including their emission-line fluxes are publicly available.
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We present the morphological catalog of galaxies in nearby clusters of the WINGS survey (Fasano et al. 2006). The catalog contains a total number of 39923 galaxies, for which we provide the automatic estimates of the morphological type applying the purposely devised tool MORPHOT to the V-band WINGS imaging. For ~3000 galaxies we also provide visual estimates of the morphological types. A substantial part of the paper is devoted to the description of the MORPHOT tool, whose application is limited, at least for the moment, to the WINGS imaging only. The approach of the tool to the automation of morphological classification is a non parametric and fully empiri- cal one. In particular, MORPHOT exploits 21 morphological diagnostics, directly and easily computable from the galaxy image, to provide two independent classifications: one based on a Maximum Likelihood (ML), semi-analytical technique, the other one on a Neural Network (NN) machine. A suitably selected sample of ~1000 visually clas- sified WINGS galaxies is used to calibrate the diagnostics for the ML estimator and as a training set in the NN machine. The final morphological estimator combines the two techniques and proves to be effective both when applied to an additional test sample of ~1000 visually classified WINGS galaxies and when compared with small samples of SDSS galaxies visually classified by Fukugita et al. (2007) and Nair et al. (2010). Finally, besides the galaxy morphology distribution (corrected for field contamination) in the WINGS clusters, we present the ellipticity ({epsilon}), color (B-V) and Sersic index (n) distributions for different morphological types, as well as the morphological fractions as a function of the clustercentric distance (in units of R200).
We present the analysis of the emission line galaxies members of 46 low redshift (0.04 < z < 0.07) clusters observed by WINGS (WIde-field Nearby Galaxy cluster Survey, Fasano et al. 2006). Emission line galaxies were identified following criteria that are meant to minimize biases against non-star forming galaxies and classified employing diagnostic diagrams. We have examined the emission line properties and frequencies of star forming galaxies, transition objects and active galactic nuclei (AGNs: LINERs and Seyferts), unclassified galaxies with emission lines, and quiescent galaxies with no detectable line emission. A deficit of emission line galaxies in the cluster environment is indicated by both a lower frequency with respect to control samples, and by a systematically lower Balmer emission line equivalent width and luminosity (up to one order of magnitude in equivalent width with respect to control samples for transition objects) that implies a lower amount of ionised gas per unit mass and a lower star formation rate if the source is classified as Hii region. A sizable population of transition objects and of low-luminosity LINERs (approx. 10 - 20% of all emission line galaxies) is detected among WINGS cluster galaxies. With respect to Hii sources they are a factor of approx. 1.5 more frequent than (or at least as frequent as) in control samples. Transition objects and LINERs in cluster are most affected in terms of line equivalent width by the environment and appear predominantly consistent with retired galaxies. Shock heating can be a possible gas excitation mechanism able to account for observed line ratios. Specific to the cluster environment, we suggest interaction between atomic and molecular gas and the intracluster medium as a possible physical cause of line-emitting shocks.
We identify a halo substructure in the Tycho Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) dataset, cross-matched with the RAVE-on data release. After quality cuts, the stars with large radial action ($J_R > 800$ kms$^{-1}$ kpc) are extracted. A subset of these stars is clustered in longitude and velocity and can be selected with further cuts. The 14 stars are centered on $(X,Y,Z) approx (9.0,-1.0,-0.6)$ kpc and form a coherently moving structure in the halo with median $(v_R,v_phi,v_z) = (167.33,0.86,-94.85)$ kms$^{-1}$. They are all metal-poor giants with median [Fe/H] $=-0.83$. To guard against the effects of distance errors, we compute spectrophotometric distances for the 8 out of 14 stars where this is possible. We find that 6 of the stars are still comoving. These 6 stars also have a much tighter [Fe/H] distribution $sim -0.7$ with one exception ([Fe/H] = -2.12). We conclude that the existence of the comoving cluster is stable against changes in distance estimation and conjecture that this is the dissolving remnant of a long-ago accreted globular cluster.
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