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A string theoretic derivation is given for the conjecture of Hausel, Letellier, and Rodriguez-Villegas on the cohomology of character varieties with marked points. Their formula is identified with a refined BPS expansion in the stable pair theory of a local root stack, generalizing previous work of the first two authors in collaboration with G. Pan. Haimans geometric construction for Macdonald polynomials is shown to emerge naturally in this context via geometric engineering. In particular this yields a new conjectural relation between Macdonald polynomials and refined local orbifold curve counting invariants. The string theoretic approach also leads to a new spectral cover construction for parabolic Higgs bundles in terms of holomorphic symplectic orbifolds.
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We consider the refined topological vertex of Iqbal et al, as a function of two parameters (x, y), and deform it by introducing Macdonald parameters (q, t), as in the work of Vuletic on plane partitions, to obtain a Macdonald refined topological vertex. In the limit q -> t, we recover the refined topological vertex of Iqbal et al. In the limit x -> y, we obtain a qt-deformation of the topological vertex of Aganagic et al. Copies of the vertex can be glued to obtain qt-deformed 5D instanton partition functions that have well-defined 4D limits and, for generic values of (q, t), contain infinite-towers of poles for every pole in the limit q -> t.
F-theory compactifications on appropriate local elliptic Calabi-Yau manifolds engineer six dimensional superconformal field theories and their mass deformations. The partition function $Z_{top}$ of the refined topological string on these geometries captures the particle BPS spectrum of this class of theories compactified on a circle. Organizing $Z_{top}$ in terms of contributions $Z_beta$ at base degree $beta$ of the elliptic fibration, we find that these, up to a multiplier system, are meromorphic Jacobi forms of weight zero with modular parameter the Kaehler class of the elliptic fiber and elliptic parameters the couplings and mass parameters. The indices with regard to the multiple elliptic parameters are fixed by the refined holomorphic anomaly equations, which we show to be completely determined from knowledge of the chiral anomaly of the corresponding SCFT. We express $Z_beta$ as a quotient of weak Jacobi forms, with a universal denominator inspired by its pole structure as suggested by the form of $Z_{top}$ in terms of 5d BPS numbers. The numerator is determined by modularity up to a finite number of coefficients, which we prove to be fixed uniquely by imposing vanishing conditions on 5d BPS numbers as boundary conditions. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with many examples, in particular solving the E-string and M-string theories including mass deformations, as well as theories constructed as chains of these. We make contact with previous work by showing that spurious singularities are cancelled when the partition function is written in the form advocated here. Finally, we use the BPS invariants of the E-string thus obtained to test a generalization of the Goettsche-Nakajima-Yoshioka $K$-theoretic blowup equation, as inspired by the Grassi-Hatsuda-Marino conjecture, to generic local Calabi-Yau threefolds.
We describe a categorification of the Double Affine Hecke Algebra ${mathcal{H}kern -.4emmathcal{H}}$ associated with an affine Lie algebra $widehat{mathfrak{g}}$, a categorification of the polynomial representation and a categorification of Macdonald polynomials. All categorification results are given in the derived setting. That is, we consider the derived category associated with graded modules over the Lie superalgera ${mathfrak I}[xi]$, where ${mathfrak I}subsetwidehat{mathfrak{g}}$ is the Iwahori subalgebra of the affine Lie algebra and $xi$ is a formal odd variable. The Euler characteristic of graded characters of a complex of ${mathfrak I}[xi]$-modules is considered as an element of a polynomial representation. First, we show that the compositions of induction and restriction functors associated with minimal parabolic subalgebras ${mathfrak{p}}_{i}$ categorify Demazure operators $T_i+1in{mathcal{H}kern -.4emmathcal{H}}$, meaning that all algebraic relations of $T_i$ have categorical meanings. Second, we describe a natural collection of complexes ${mathbb{EM}}_{lambda}$ of ${mathfrak I}[xi]$-modules whose Euler characteristic is equal to nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials $E_lambda$ for dominant $lambda$ and a natural collection of complexes of $mathfrak{g}[z,xi]$-modules ${mathbb{PM}}_{lambda}$ whose Euler characteristic is equal to the symmetric Macdonald polynomial $P_{lambda}$. We illustrate our theory with the example $mathfrak{g}=mathfrak{sl}_2$ where we construct the cyclic representations of Lie superalgebra ${mathfrak I}[xi]$ such that their supercharacters coincide with renormalizations of nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials.
Mark Haiman has reduced Macdonald positivity conjecture to a statement about geometry of the Hilbert scheme of points on the plane, and formulated a generalization of the conjectures where the symmetric group is replaced by the wreath product $S_nltimes (Z/r Z)^n$. He has proven the original conjecture by establishing the geometric statement about the Hilbert scheme, as a byproduct he obtained a derived equivalence between coherent sheaves on the Hilbert scheme and coherent sheaves on the orbifold quotient of ${mathbb A}^{2n}$ by the symmetric group $S_n$. A short proof of a similar derived equivalence for any symplectic quotient singularity has been obtained by the first author and Kaledin via quantization in positive characteristic. In the present note we show the properties of the derived equivalence which imply the generalized Macdonald positivity for wreath products.
We test in $(A_{n-1},A_{m-1})$ Argyres-Douglas theories with $mathrm{gcd}(n,m)=1$ the proposal of Songs in arXiv:1612.08956 that the Macdonald index gives a refined character of the dual chiral algebra. In particular, we extend the analysis to higher rank theories and Macdonald indices with surface operator, via the TQFT picture and Gaiotto-Rastelli-Razamats Higgsing method. We establish the prescription for refined characters in higher rank minimal models from the dual $(A_{n-1},A_{m-1})$ theories in the large $m$ limit, and then provide evidence for Songs proposal to hold (at least) in some simple modules (including the vacuum module) at finite $m$. We also discuss some observed mismatch in our approach.
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