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Register a new userATLAS Results from the first Pb-Pb Collisions
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Sebastian N. White
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The ATLAS detector is capable of resolving the highest energy pp collisions at luminosities sufficient to yield 10s of simultaneous interactions within a bunch collision lasting <0.5 nsec. Already in 2011 a mean occupancy of 20 is often found in pp running. In 2004 studies by ATLAS showed that the detector would have excellent performance also for the foreseeable particle multiplicities in the highest energy p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions that the LHC will produce. These studies resulted in a letter of intent to the LHC committee by ATLAS to do physics with these beams also. In the past 2 years of data taking, ATLAS detector performance studies have confirmed these expectations at the actual multiplicities presented below. The ATLAS program removes an artificial specialization that arose about 30 years ago in high energy physics when the energy and intensity frontier moved to colliders. Before that time, for example, the same experiment that discovered the $Upsilon$ (CFS and E605 at Fermilab) also measured the nuclear modification factor in the production of high $p_T$ identified charged hadrons using nuclear targets from Beryllium through Tungsten.
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The ATLAS detector at the LHC is capable of efficiently separating photons and neutral hadrons based on their shower shapes over a wide range in eta, phi, ET, either in addition to or instead of isolation cuts. This provides ATLAS with a unique strength for direct photon and gamma-jet physics as well as access to the unique capability to measure non-isolated photons from fragmentation or from the medium. We present a first look at the ATLAS direct photon measurement capabilities in Pb+Pb and, for reference, p+p collisions at sqrt(sNN)=5.5 TeV over the region |eta|<2.4.
Fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities are fundamental for the study of the QGP phase transition. Among several observables calculated on an event-by-event basis, the different measures of the charge and mean transverse momentum fluctuations are of particular interest since they are considered to be indicators of the existence and of the order of this transition as well as of the thermalization in heavy--ion collisions. In this article, we review the first results from the event-by-event physics program of the ALICE experiment at the LHC in Pb--Pb collisions at $sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV. The experimental results will be compared to previously published data and available model predictions.
Recent results for high multiplicity pp and p-Pb collisions have revealed that they exhibit heavy-ion-like behaviors. To understand the origin(s) of these unexpected phenomena, event shape observables such as transverse spherocity ($S_{rm 0}^{p_{rm T} = 1}$) and the relative transverse activity classifier ($R_{rm{T}}$) can be exploited as a powerful tools to disentangle soft (non-perturbative) and hard (perturbative) particle production. Here, the production of light-flavor hadrons is shown for various $S_{rm 0}^{p_{rm T} = 1}$ classes in pp collisions at $sqrt{s}$ = 13 $textrm{TeV}$ measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC are presented. The evolution of average transverse momentum ($langle p_{rm T}rangle$) with charged-particle multiplicity, and identified particle ratios as a function of $p_{rm T}$ for different $S_{rm 0}^{p_{rm T} = 1}$ are also presented. In addition, the system size dependence of charged-particle production in pp, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb collisions at $sqrt{s_{rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV is presented. The evolution of $langle p_{rm T}rangle$ in different topological regions as a function of $R_{rm{T}}$ are presented. Finally, using the same approach, we present a search for jet quenching behavior in small collision systems.
We compute predictions for various low-transverse-momentum bulk observables in $sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.023$ TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC from the event-by-event next-to-leading-order perturbative-QCD + saturation + viscous hydrodynamics (EKRT) model. In particular, we consider the centrality dependence of charged hadron multiplicity, flow coefficients of the azimuth-angle asymmetries and correlations of event-plane angles. The centrality dependencies of the studied observables are predicted to be very similar to those at 2.76 TeV, and the magnitudes of the flow coefficients and event-plane angle correlations are predicted to be close to those at 2.76 TeV. The flow coefficients may, however, offer slightly more discriminating power on the temperature dependence of QCD matter viscosity than the 2.76 TeV measurements. Our prediction for the multiplicity in the 0-5% centrality class, obtained using the two temperature-dependent shear-viscosity-to-entropy ratios that give the best overall fit to RHIC and LHC data is $dN_{rm ch}/detabig|_{|eta|le 0.5} =1876dots2046$. We also predict a power-law increase from 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC to 2.76 and 5.023 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC, $dN_{rm ch}/detabig|_{|eta|le 0.5} propto s^{0.164dots0.174}$.
The systematics of Statistical Model parameters extracted from heavy-ion collisions at lower energies are exploited to extrapolate in the LHC regime. Predictions of various particle ratios are presented and particle production in central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC is discussed in the context of the Statistical Model. The sensitivity of several ratios on the temperature and the baryon chemical potential is studied in detail, and some of them, which are particularly appropriate to determine the chemical freeze-out point experimentally, are indicated. The impact of feed-down contributions from resonances, especially to light hadrons, is illustrated.
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