No Arabic abstract
In non-central collisions between ultra-relativistic heavy ions, the freeze-out distribution is anisotropic, and its major longitudinal axis may be tilted away from the beam direction. The shape and orientation of this distribution are particularly interesting, as they provide a snapshot of the evolving source and reflect the space-time aspect of anisotropic flow. Experimentally, this information is extracted by measuring pion HBT radii as a function of angle with respect to the reaction plane. Existing formulae relating the oscillations of the radii and the freezeout anisotropy are in principle only valid for Gaussian sources with no collective flow. With a realistic transport model of the collision, which generates flow and non-Gaussian sources, we find that these formulae approximately reflect the anisotropy of the freezeout distribution.
The correlation between the harmonic flow and the transverse flow in relativistic heavy ion collisions is calculated in the hydrodynamic model. The partial correlation coefficient, corrected for fluctuations of multiplicity, is compared to experimental data. Estimators of the final transverse and harmonic flow are used to predict the value of the correlation coefficient from the moments of the initial distribution. A good description of the hydrodynamic simulation results is obtained if the estimator for the final transverse flow, besides the most important transverse size and entropy, includes also the eccentricities.
The anisotropy of angular distributions of emitted nucleons and light charged particles for the asymmetric reaction system, $^{40}$Ar+$^{197}$Au, at b=6fm and $E_{beam}$=35, 50 and 100MeV/u, are investigated by using the Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics model. The competition between the symmetry potential and Coulomb potential shows large impacts on the nucleons and light charged particles emission in projectile and target region. As a result of this competition, the angular distribution anisotropy of coalescence invariant Y(n)/Y(p) ratio at forward regions shows sensitivity to the stiffness of symmetry energy as well as the value of Y(n)/Y(p). This observable can be further checked against experimental data to understand the reaction mechanism and to extract information about the symmetry energy at subsaturation densities.
A systematic analysis of correlations between different orders of $p_T$-differential flow is presented, including mode coupling effects in flow vectors, correlations between flow angles (a.k.a. event-plane correlations), and correlations between flow magnitudes, all of which were previously studied with integrated flows. We find that the mode coupling effects among differential flows largely mirror those among the corresponding integrated flows, except at small transverse momenta where mode coupling contributions are small. For the fourth- and fifth-order flow vectors $V_4$ and $V_5$ we argue that the event plane correlations can be understood as the ratio between the mode coupling contributions to these flows and and the flow magnitudes. We also find that for $V_4$ and $V_5$ the linear response contribution scales linearly with the corresponding cumulant-defined eccentricities but not with the standard eccentricities.
The longitudinal asymmetry arises in relativistic heavy ion collisions due to fluctuation in the number of participating nucleons. This asymmetry causes a shift in the center of mass rapidity of the participant zone. The rapidity shift as well as the longitudinal asymmetry have been found to be significant at the top LHC energy for collisions of identical nuclei. We study the longitudinal asymmetry and its effect on charged particle rapidity distribution and anisotropic flow parameters at relatively lower RHIC energies using a model calculation. The rapidity shift is found to be more pronounced for peripheral collisions, smaller systems and also for lower beam energies due to longitudinal asymmetry. A detailed study has been done by associating the average rapidity shift to a polynomial relation where the coefficients of this polynomial characterize the effect of the asymmetry. We show that the rapidity shift may affect observables significantly at RHIC energies.
A QCD phase transition may reflect in a inhomogeneous decoupling surface of hadrons produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We show that due to the non-linear dependence of the particle densities on the temperature and baryon-chemical potential such inhomogeneities should be visible even in the integrated, inclusive abundances. We analyze experimental data from Pb+Pb collisions at CERN-SPS and Au+Au collisions at BNL-RHIC to determine the amplitude of inhomogeneities.