This review provides a written version of the lectures presented at the Schladming Winter School 2008, Austria, on Nonequilibrium Aspects of Quantum Field Theory. In particular, it shows the way from quantum-field theory - in two-particle irreducible approximation - to the Kadanoff-Baym (KB) equations and various approximations schemes of the KB equations in phase space. This ultimately leads to the formulation of an off-shell transport theory that well incorporates the underlying quantum physics. Remarkably, these transport equations may be solved within a testparticle representation that allows to study non-equilibrium quantum systems in the weak and strong coupling regime. Actual applications to dilepton production in heavy-ion reactions are presented in comparison with available data. The approach, furthermore, allows to address the hadronization process from partonic to hadronic degrees of freedom.
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