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Register a new userFrom Kadanoff-Baym dynamics to off-shell parton transport
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W. Cassing
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This review provides a written version of the lectures presented at the Schladming Winter School 2008, Austria, on Nonequilibrium Aspects of Quantum Field Theory. In particular, it shows the way from quantum-field theory - in two-particle irreducible approximation - to the Kadanoff-Baym (KB) equations and various approximations schemes of the KB equations in phase space. This ultimately leads to the formulation of an off-shell transport theory that well incorporates the underlying quantum physics. Remarkably, these transport equations may be solved within a testparticle representation that allows to study non-equilibrium quantum systems in the weak and strong coupling regime. Actual applications to dilepton production in heavy-ion reactions are presented in comparison with available data. The approach, furthermore, allows to address the hadronization process from partonic to hadronic degrees of freedom.
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Linear response functions are calculated for symmetric nuclear matter of normal density by time-evolving two-time Greens functions with conserving self-energy insertions, thereby satisfying the energy-sum rule. Nucleons are regarded as moving in a mean field defined by an effective mass. A two-body effective (or residual) interaction, represented by a gaussian local interaction, is used to find the effect of correlations in a second order as well as a ring approximation. The response function S(e,q) is calculated for 0.2<q<1.2 fm^{-1}. Comparison is made with the nucleons being un-correlated, RPA+HF only.
Linear density response functions are calculated for symmetric nuclear matter of normal density by time-evolving two-time Greens functions in real time. Of particular interest is the effect of correlations. The system is therefore initially time-evolved with a collision term calculated in a direct Born approximation as well as with full (RPA) ring-summation until fully correlated. An external time-dependent potential is then applied. The ensuing density fluctuations are recorded to calculate the density response. This method was previously used by Kwong and Bonitz for studying plasma oscillations in a correlated electron gas. The energy-weighted sum-rule for the response function is guaranteed by using conserving self-energy insertions as the method then generates the full vertex-functions. These can alternatively be calculated by solving a Bethe -Salpeter equation as done in some previous works. The (first order) mean field is derived from a momentum-dependent (non-local) interaction while $2^{nd}$ order self-energies are calculated using a particle-hole two-body effective (or residual) interaction given by a gaussian it local rm potential. We present numerical results for the response function $S(omega,q_0)$ for $q_0=0.2,0.4$ and $0.8 {rm fm}^{-1}$. Comparison is made with the nucleons being un-correlated i.e. with only the first order mean field included, the HF+RPA approximation. We briefly discuss the relation of our work with the Landau quasi-particle theory as applied to nuclear systems by Sjoberg and followers using methods developped by Babu and Brown, with special emphasis on the induced interaction.
We derive Boltzmann equations for massive spin-1/2 fermions with local and nonlocal collision terms from the Kadanoff--Baym equation in the Schwinger--Keldysh formalism, properly accounting for the spin degrees of freedom. The Boltzmann equations are expressed in terms of matrix-valued spin distribution functions, which are the building blocks for the quasi-classical parts of the Wigner functions. Nonlocal collision terms appear at next-to-leading order in $hbar$ and are sources for the polarization part of the matrix-valued spin distribution functions. The Boltzmann equations for the matrix-valued spin distribution functions pave the way for simulating spin-transport processes involving spin-vorticity couplings from first principles.
To calculate the baryon asymmetry in the baryogenesis via leptogenesis scenario one usually uses Boltzmann equations with transition amplitudes computed in vacuum. However, the hot and dense medium and, potentially, the expansion of the universe can affect the collision terms and hence the generated asymmetry. In this paper we derive the Boltzmann equation in the curved space-time from (first-principle) Kadanoff-Baym equations. As one expects from general considerations, the derived equations are covariant generalizations of the corresponding equations in Minkowski space-time. We find that, after the necessary approximations have been performed, only the left-hand side of the Boltzmann equation depends on the space-time metric. The amplitudes in the collision term on the right--hand side are independent of the metric, which justifies earlier calculations where this has been assumed implicitly. At tree level, the matrix elements coincide with those computed in vacuum. However, the loop contributions involve additional integrals over the the distribution function.
The hadronization of an expanding partonic fireball is studied within the Parton-Hadron-Strings Dynamics (PHSD) approach which is based on a dynamical quasiparticle model (DQPM) matched to reproduce lattice QCD results in thermodynamic equilibrium. Apart from strong parton interactions the expansion and development of collective flow is found to be driven by strong gradients in the parton mean-fields. An analysis of the elliptic flow $v_2$ demonstrates a linear correlation with the spatial eccentricity $epsilon$ as in case of ideal hydrodynamics. The hadronization occurs by quark-antiquark fusion or 3 quark/3 antiquark recombination which is described by covariant transition rates. Since the dynamical quarks become very massive, the formed resonant pre-hadronic color-dipole states ($qbar{q}$ or $qqq$) are of high invariant mass, too, and sequentially decay to the groundstate meson and baryon octets increasing the total entropy. This solves the entropy problem in hadronization in a natural way. Hadronic particle ratios turn out to be in line with those from a grandcanonical partition function at temperature $T approx 170$ MeV.
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