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Register a new userThe XMM-LSS cluster sample and its cosmological applications. Prospects for the XMM next decade
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The well defined selection function of the XMM-LSS survey enables a simultaneous modelling of the observed cluster number counts and of the evolution of the L-T relation. We present results pertaining to the first 5 deg2 for a well controlled sample comprising 30 objects: they are compatible with the WMAP3 parameter set along with cluster self-similar evolution. Extending such a survey to 200 deg2 would (1) allow discriminating between the major scenarios of the cluster L-T evolution and (2) provide a unique self-sufficient determination of sigma8 and Gamma with an accuracy of ~ 5% and 10% respectively, when adding mass information from weak lensing and S-Z observations.
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We present the X-ray source detection procedure that we have developed for the purpose of assembling and characterizing controlled samples of cluster of galaxies for the XMM Large Scale Structure Survey. We describe how we model the selection function by means of simulations: this leads us to define source classes rather than flux limited samples. Focussing on the CFHTLS D1 area, our compilation suggests a cluster density higher than previously determined from the deep ROSAT surveys above a flux of 2.10^(-14) erg cm-2 s-1. We also present the L-T relation for the 9 brightest objects in the area. The slope is in good agreement with the local correlation. The relation shows luminosity enhancement for some of the 0.15<z<0.35 objects having 1<T<2 keV, a population that the XMM-LSS is for the first time systematically unveiling.
We present a sample of 29 galaxy clusters from the XMM-LSS survey over an area of some 5deg2 out to a redshift of z=1.05. The sample clusters, which represent about half of the X-ray clusters identified in the region, follow well defined X-ray selection criteria and are all spectroscopically confirmed. For all clusters, we provide X-ray luminosities and temperatures as well as masses. The cluster distribution peaks around z=0.3 and T =1.5 keV, half of the objects being groups with a temperature below 2 keV. Our L-T(z) relation points toward self-similar evolution, but does not exclude other physically plausible models. Assuming that cluster scaling laws follow self-similar evolution, our number density estimates up to z=1 are compatible with the predictions of the concordance cosmology and with the findings of previous ROSAT surveys. Our well monitored selection function allowed us to demonstrate that the inclusion of selection effects is essential for the correct determination of the evolution of the L-T relation, which may explain the contradictory results from previous studies. Extensive simulations show that extending the survey area to 10deg2 has the potential to exclude the non-evolution hypothesis, but that constraints on more refined ICM models will probably be limited by the large intrinsic dispersion of the L-T relation. We further demonstrate that increasing the dispersion in the scaling laws increases the number of detectable clusters, hence generating further degeneracy [in addition to sigma8, Omega_m, L(M,z) and T(M,z)] in the cosmological interpretation of the cluster number counts. We provide useful empirical formulae for the cluster mass-flux and mass-count-rate relations as well as a comparison between the XMM-LSS mass sensitivity and that of forthcoming SZ surveys.
This paper presents 52 X-ray bright galaxy clusters selected within the 11 deg$^2$ XMM-LSS survey. 51 of them have spectroscopic redshifts ($0.05<z<1.06$), one is identified at $z_{rm phot}=1.9$, and all together make the high-purity Class 1 (C1) cluster sample of the XMM-LSS, the highest density sample of X-ray selected clusters with a monitored selection function. Their X-ray fluxes, averaged gas temperatures (median $T_X=2$ keV), luminosities (median $L_{X,500}=5times10^{43}$ ergs/s) and total mass estimates (median $5times10^{13} h^{-1} M_{odot}$) are measured, adapting to the specific signal-to-noise regime of XMM-LSS observations. The redshift distribution of clusters shows a deficit of sources when compared to the cosmological expectations, regardless of whether WMAP-9 or Planck-2013 CMB parameters are assumed. This lack of sources is particularly noticeable at $0.4 lesssim z lesssim 0.9$. However, after quantifying uncertainties due to small number statistics and sample variance we are not able to put firm (i.e. $>3 sigma$) constraints on the presence of a large void in the cluster distribution. We work out alternative hypotheses and demonstrate that a negative redshift evolution in the normalization of the $L_{X}-T_X$ relation (with respect to a self-similar evolution) is a plausible explanation for the observed deficit. We confirm this evolutionary trend by directly studying how C1 clusters populate the $L_{X}-T_X-z$ space, properly accounting for selection biases. We point out that a systematically evolving, unresolved, central component in clusters and groups (AGN contamination or cool core) can impact the classification as extended sources and be partly responsible for the observed redshift distribution.[abridged]
We present an X-ray point-source catalog from the XMM-Large Scale Structure survey region (XMM-LSS), one of the XMM-Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey (XMM-SERVS) fields. We target the XMM-LSS region with $1.3$ Ms of new XMM-Newton AO-15 observations, transforming the archival X-ray coverage in this region into a 5.3 deg$^2$ contiguous field with uniform X-ray coverage totaling $2.7$ Ms of flare-filtered exposure, with a $46$ ks median PN exposure time. We provide an X-ray catalog of 5242 sources detected in the soft (0.5-2 keV), hard (2-10 keV), and/or full (0.5-10 keV) bands with a 1% expected spurious fraction determined from simulations. A total of 2381 new X-ray sources are detected compared to previous source catalogs in the same area. Our survey has flux limits of $1.7times10^{-15}$, $1.3times10^{-14}$, and $6.5times10^{-15}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ over 90% of its area in the soft, hard, and full bands, respectively, which is comparable to those of the XMM-COSMOS survey. We identify multiwavelength counterpart candidates for 99.9% of the X-ray sources, of which 93% are considered as reliable based on their matching likelihood ratios. The reliabilities of these high-likelihood-ratio counterparts are further confirmed to be $approx 97$% reliable based on deep Chandra coverage over $approx 5$% of the XMM-LSS region. Results of multiwavelength identifications are also included in the source catalog, along with basic optical-to-infrared photometry and spectroscopic redshifts from publicly available surveys. We compute photometric redshifts for X-ray sources in 4.5 deg$^2$ of our field where forced-aperture multi-band photometry is available; $>70$% of the X-ray sources in this subfield have either spectroscopic or high-quality photometric redshifts.
We briefly review how X-ray observations of high-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z = 4-7 have played a critical role in understanding their basic demographics as well as their physical processes; e.g., absorption by nuclear material and winds, accretion rates, and jet emission. We point out some key remaining areas of uncertainty, highlighting where further Chandra and XMM-Newton observations/analyses, combined with new multiwavelength survey data, can advance understanding over the next decade.
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