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Register a new userAbsolute Proper Motions of H2O Masers Away from the Galactic Plane Measured with VERA in the Superbubble Region NGC 281
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We report on absolute proper-motion measurements of an H2O maser source in the NGC 281 West molecular cloud, which is located ~320 pc above the Galactic plane and is associated with an HI loop extending from the Galactic plane. We have conducted multi-epoch phase-referencing observations of the maser source with VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry) over a monitoring period of 6 months since May 2006. We find that the H2O maser features in NGC 281 West are systematically moving toward the southwest and further away from the Galactic plane with a vertical velocity of ~20-30 km/s at its estimated distance of 2.2-3.5 kpc. Our new results provide the most direct evidence that the gas in the NGC 281 region on the HI loop was blown out from the Galactic plane, most likely in a superbubble driven by multiple or sequential supernova explosions in the Galactic plane.
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We have used the Japanese VLBI array VERA to perform high-precision astrometry of an H2O maser source in the Galactic star-forming region NGC 281 West, which has been considered to be part of a 300-pc superbubble. We successfully detected a trigonometric parallax of 0.355+/-0.030 mas, corresponding to a source distance of 2.82+/-0.24 kpc. Our direct distance determination of NGC 281 has resolved the large distance discrepancy between previous photometric and kinematic studies; likely NGC 281 is in the far side of the Perseus spiral arm. The source distance as well as the absolute proper motions were used to demonstrate the 3D structure and expansion of the NGC 281 superbubble, ~650 pc in size parallel to the Galactic disk and with a shape slightly elongated along the disk or spherical, but not vertically elongated, indicating the superbubble expansion may be confined to the disk. We estimate the expansion velocity of the superbubble as ~20 km/s both perpendicular to and parallel to the Galactic disk with a consistent timescale of ~20 Myr.
We present the first measurement of the absolute proper motions of IRAS 00259+5625 (CB3, LBN594) associated with the HI loop called the NGC281 superbubble that extends from the Galactic plane over ~300 pc toward decreasing galactic latitude. The proper motion components measured with VERA are (mu_alpha cos(delta), mu_delta) = (-2.48 +/- 0.32, -2.85 +/- 0.65) mas yr^{-1}, converted into (mu_l cos(b), mu_b) = (-2.72 +/- 0.32, -2.62 +/- 0.65) mas yr^{-1} in the Galactic coordinates. The measured proper motion perpendicular to the Galactic plane (mu_b) shows vertical motion away from the Galactic plane with a significance of about ~4-sigma. As for the source distance, the distance measured with VERA is marginal, 2.4^{+1.0}_{-0.6} kpc. Using the distance, an absolute vertical motion (v_{b}) of -17.9 +/- 12.2 km s^{-1} is determined with ~1.5-sigma significance. The tendency of the large vertical motion is consistent with previous VLBI results for NGC 281 associated with the same superbubble. Thus, our VLBI results indicate the superbubble expansion motion whose origin is believed to be sequential supernova explosions.
In this paper we present the results of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) ob- servations carried out with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) array and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) toward H2O masers in a young planetary nebula K 3-35. From the VERA observations we measured the annual parallax and proper mo- tion of a bright water maser spot in K 3-35. The resulting distance is D = 3.9+0.7 kpc. -0.5 This is the first time that the parallax of a planetary nebula is obtained by observations of its maser emission. On the other hand, the proper motion of K 3-35 as a whole was esti- mated to be {mu}{alpha} = -3.34+/-0.10 mas yr-1, {mu}{delta} = -5.93+/-0.07 mas yr-1. From these results we determined the position and velocity of K 3-35 in Galactic cylindrical coordinates: (R,{theta},z) = (7.11+0.08-0.06 kpc, 27+/-5{circ}, 140+25-18 pc) and (VR, V{theta}, Vz) = (33+/-16, 233+/-11, 11+/-2) km s-1, respectively. Additionally, from our VLBA observations we measured the relative proper motions among the water maser spots located in the central region of the nebula, which have been proposed to be tracing a toroidal structure. The distribution and relative proper motions of the masers, compared with previous reported observed epochs, suggest that such structure could be totally destroyed within a few years, due to the action of high velocity winds and the expansion of the ionization front in the nebula.
We report on the multi-epoch observations of H2O maser emission in star forming region OH 43.8-0.1 carried out with VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA). The large-scale maser distributions obtained by single-beam VLBI mapping reveal new maser spots scattered in area of 0.7 x 1.0 arcsec, in addition to a `shell-like structure with a scale of 0.3 x 0.5 arcsec which was previously mapped by Downes et al.(1979). Proper motions are also obtained for 43 spots based on 5-epoch monitoring with a time span of 281 days. The distributions of proper motions show a systematic outflow in the north-south direction with an expansion velocity of ~8 km/s, and overall distributions of maser spots as well as proper motions are better represented by a bipolar flow plus a central maser cluster with a complex structure, rather than a shell with a uniform expansion such as those found in Cep A R5 and W75N VLA2. The distance to OH 43.8-0.1 is also estimated based on the statistical parallax, yielding D = 2.8 +/- 0.5 kpc. This distance is consistent with a near kinematic distance and rules out a far kinematics distance (~9 kpc), and the LSR velocity of OH 43.8-0.1 combined with the distance provides a constraint on the flatness of the galactic rotation curve, that there is no systematic difference in rotation speeds at the Sun and at the position of OH 43.8-0.1, which is located at the galacto-centric radius of ~6.3 kpc.
Our location in the Milky Way provides an exceptional opportunity to gain insight on the galactic evolution processes, and complement the information inferred from observations of external galaxies. Since the Milky Way is a barred galaxy, the study of motions of individual stars in the bulge and disc is useful to understand the role of the bar. The Gaia mission enables such study by providing the most precise parallaxes and proper motions to date. In this theoretical work, we explore the effects of the bar on the distribution of higher-order moments --the skewness and kurtosis-- of the proper motions by confronting two simulated galaxies, one with a bar and one nearly axisymmetric, with observations from the latest Gaia data release (GaiaDR2). We introduce the code ASGAIA to account for observational errors of Gaia in the kinematical structures predicted by the numerical models. As a result, we find clear imprints of the bar in the skewness distribution of the longitudinal proper motion $mu_ell$ in GaiaDR2, as well as other features predicted for the next Gaia data releases.
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