The Barada River and the ground waters of Damascus Gouta are considered as a source for irrigation and for increasing the fertility of the soil since the very old times. But, the concentrate on the rabid agricultural and industrial development led to the aggravation of the water shortage problem and its contamination by pesticides, chemical pollutants and pathogens microbes. Therefore, this led to the exposition of the plantations, livestock and human health risks. This study aims to the estimation of the remaining effect of the pesticides and the definition of the concentration of some hazardous heavy metals as well as the study of numerical changes of the pathological bacteria and parasites in the waters of the Barada River tributaries and the ground waters in the Damascus Gouta under different climatic conditions around the year. This study also defines the potential health hazards related to such a contamination as well as putting forward some necessary proposals and recommendations for protecting the public health and environmental safety in Damascus and its countryside.