Investment is considered the engine to economic growth because it leads to many productive and service projects and in many other fields as well. Investment creates lots of job opportunities and offer the government and individuals financial revenues which usually come back in the economic circle through sales, this increases the absorption capacity of the national economy and expanding consumption in addition to ameliorate the living conditions for citizens. Investment has different aspects such as local private and public investment, direct and indirect foreign investment. In all cases, it is considered a fundamental venue and basic motivation for growth in any community. The research concentrates on the subject of investment and the role of private investment in the Syrian economy during the period 2006-2010. The objectives are first to explore the legislative and legal structure of private investment through analyzing the main features of the Syrian economy in early twenty 1st century and the development of this structure, which is the first part of the research. The second objective is to study the importance of private investments at the sector level and locally and abroad as well, which constitute the main theme of the second part of the research under the title “the development of the private investments in the Syrian Economy”.