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The production of $K^+$ mesons in proton-nucleus collisions from 1.0 to 2.3 GeV is analyzed with respect to one-step nucleon-nucleon $(NNto N Y K^+$) and two-step $Delta$-nucleon $(Delta N to K^+ Y N$) or pion-nucleon $(pi N to K^+ Y $) production channels on the basis of a coupled-channel transport approach (CBUU) including the kaon final-state-interactions (FSI). Momentum-dependent potentials for the nucleon, hyperon and kaon in the final state are included as well as $K^+$ elastic rescattering in the target nucleus. The transport calculations are compared to the experimental $K^+$ spectra taken at COSY-Julich. Our systematic analysis of $K^+$ spectra from $^{12}C$, $^{63}Cu$, $^{107}Ag$ and $^{197}Au$ targets as well as their momentum differential ratios gives a repulsive $K^+$ potential of $20pm 5 $ MeV at normal nuclear matter density.
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The production of $K^+$ mesons in proton-nucleus collisions from 1.0 to 2.5 GeV is analyzed with respect to one-step nucleon-nucleon $(NNto N Y K^+$) and two-step $Delta$-nucleon $(Delta N to K^+ Y N$) or pion-nucleon $(pi N to K^+ Y $) production channels on the basis of a coupled-channel transport approach (CBUU) including the kaon final state interactions. The influence of momentum-dependent potentials for the nucleon, hyperon and kaon in the final state are studied as well as the importance of $K^+$ elastic rescattering in the target nucleus. The transport calculations are compared to the experimental $K^+$ spectra taken at LBL Berkeley, SATURNE, CELSIUS, GSI and COSY-Julich. It is found that the momentum-dependent baryon potentials effect the excitation function of the $K^+$ cross section; at low bombarding energies of $sim $ 1.0 GeV the attractive baryon potentials in the final state lead to a relative enhancement of the kaon yield whereas the net repulsive potential at bombarding energies $sim$ 2 GeV causes a decrease of the $K^+$ cross section. Furthermore it is pointed out, that especially the $K^+$ spectra at low momenta (or kinetic energy $T_K$) allow to determine the in-medium $K^+$ potential almost model independently due to a relative shift of the $K^+$ spectra in kinetic energy that arises from the acceleration of the kaons when propagating out of the nuclear medium to free space, i.e. converting potential energy to kinetic energy of the free kaon.
The production of K^+ mesons in pA (A = D, C, Cu, Ag, Au) collisions has been investigated at the COoler SYnchrotron COSY-Julich for beam energies T_p = 1.0 - 2.3 GeV. Double differential inclusive pC cross sections at forward angles theta < 12 degrees as well as the target-mass dependence of the K^+ momentum spectra have been measured with the ANKE spectrometer. Far below the free NN threshold at T_{NN}=1.58 GeV the spectra reveal a high degree of collectivity in the target nucleus. From the target-mass dependence of the cross sections at higher energies, the repulsive in-medium potential of K^+ mesons can be deduced. Using pN cross-section parameterisations from literature and our measured pD data we derive a cross-section ratio of sigma(pn -> K^+ X) / sigma(pp -> K^+ X) ~ (3-4).
A short review of simulation results of anti-proton-proton and anti-proton-nucleus interactions within the framework of Geant4 FTF (Fritiof) model is presented. The model uses the main assumptions of the Quark-Gluon-String Model or Dual Parton Model. The model assumes production and fragmentation of quark-anti-quark and diquark-anti-diquark strings in the mentioned interactions. Key ingredients of the model are cross sections of string creation processes and an usage of the LUND string fragmentation algorithm. They allow one to satisfactory describe a large set of experimental data, especially, a strange particle production, Lambda hyperons and K mesons.
To explain the experimental facts that the fusion cross sections of proton-halo nucleus on heavy target nucleus is not enhanced as expected, the shielding supposition has been proposed. Namely, the proton-halo nucleus is polarized with the valence proton being shielded by the core. In this paper, within the frame of the Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics model, the fusion reactions by $^{17}$F on $^{208}$Pb around Coulomb barrier have been simulated. The existence of shielding effect is verified by microscopic dynamics analysis and its influence on the effective interaction potential is also investigated.
We present dilepton spectra from p+p, d+p and p+Nb reactions at SIS energies, which were simulated with the GiBUU transport model in a resonance model approach. These spectra are compared to the data published by the HADES and DLS collaborations. It is shown that the $rho$ spectral function includes non-trivial effects already in elementary reactions, due to production via baryon resonances, which can yield large contributions to the dilepton spectrum. Dilepton spectra from nuclear reactions in the energy range of the HADES experiment are thus found to be sensitive also to properties of nucleon resonances in the nuclear medium.
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