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Register a new userStrangeness in strongly interacting matter
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Carsten Greiner
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This talk is devoted to review the field of strangeness production in (ultra-)relativistic heavy ion collisions within our present theoretical understanding. Historically there have been (at least) three major ideas for the interest in the production of strange hadronic particles: (1) mass modification of the kaons in a (baryon-)dense environment; (2) (early) K+ - production probes the nuclear equation of state (EoS); (3) enhanced strangeness production especially in the (multi-)strange (anti-)baryon channels as a signal of quark gluon plasma (QGP) formation. As a guideline for the discussion I employ the extensive experience with microscopic hadronic transport models. In addition, I elaborate on the recent idea of antihyperon production solely by means of multi-mesonic fusion-type reactions.
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The correlation between baryon number and strangeness elucidates the nature of strongly interacting matter, such as that formed transiently in high-energy nuclear collisions. This diagnostic can be extracted theoretically from lattice QCD calculations and experimentally from event-by-event fluctuations. The analysis of present lattice results above the critical temperature severely limits the presence of q-qbar bound states, thus supporting a picture of independent (quasi)quarks.
The thermodynamic geometry formalism is applied to strongly interacting matter to estimate the deconfinement temperature. The curved thermodynamic metric for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is evaluated on the basis of lattice data, whereas the hadron resonance gas model is used for the hadronic sector. Since the deconfinement transition is a crossover, the geometric criterion used to define the mbox{(pseudo-)critical} temperature, as a function of the baryonchemical potential $mu_B$, is $R(T,mu_B)=0$, where $R$ is the scalar curvature. The (pseudo-)critical temperature, $T_c$, resulting from QCD thermodynamic geometry is in good agreement with lattice and phenomenological freeze-out temperature estimates. The crossing temperature, $T_h$, evaluated by the hadron resonance gas, which suffers of some model dependence, is larger than $T_c$ (about $20%$) signaling remnants of confinement above the transition.
Ultrarelativistic collisions between heavy nuclei briefly generate the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a new state of matter characterized by deconfined partons last seen microseconds after the Big Bang. The properties of the QGP are of intense interest, and a large community has developed over several decades, to produce, measure and understand this primordial plasma. The plasma is now recognized to be a strongly-coupled fluid with remarkable properties, and hydrodynamics is commonly used to quantify and model the system. An important feature of any fluid is its vorticity, related to the local angular momentum density; however, this degree of freedom has received relatively little attention because no experimental signals of vorticity had been detected. Thanks to recent high-statistics datasets from experiments with precision tracking and complete kinemetic coverage at collider energies, hyperon spin polarization measurements have begun to uncover the vorticity of the QGP created at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The injection of this new degree of freedom into a relatively mature field of research represents an enormous opportunity to generate new insights into the physics of the QGP. The community has responded with enthusiasm, and this book (to be published as a volume of Lecture Notes in Physics series by Springer) represents some of the diverse lines of inquiry into aspects of strongly interacting matter under rotation.
We discuss several new developments in the field of strange and heavy flavor physics in high energy heavy ion collisions. As shown by many recent theoretical works, heavy flavored particles give us a unique opportunity to study the properties of systems created in these collisions. Two in particular important aspects, the production of (multi) strange hypernuclei and the properties of heavy flavor mesons, are at the core of several future facilities and will be discussed in detail.
The effects of the propagation of particles which have a finite life-time and an according broad distribution in their mass spectrum are discussed in the context of a transport descriptions. In the first part some example cases of mesonic modes in nuclear matter at finite densities and temperatures are presented. These equilibrium calculations illustrate the dynamical range of spectral distributions to be adequately covered by non-equilibrium description of the dynamics of two nuclei colliding at high energies. The second part addresses the problem of transport descriptions which properly account for the damping width of the particles. A systematic and general gradient approximation is presented in the form of diagrammatic rules which permit to derive a self-consistent transport scheme from the Kadanoff--Baym equation. The scheme is conserving and thermodynamically consistent provided the self-energies are obtained within the Phi-derivable two-particle irreducible (2PI) method of Baym. The merits, the limitations and partial cures of the limitations of this transport scheme are discussed in detail.
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