Let L be a linear difference operator with polynomial coefficients. We consider singularities of L that correspond to roots of the trailing (resp. leading) coefficient of L. We prove that one can effectively construct a left multiple with polynomial coefficients L of L such that every singularity of L is a singularity of L that is not apparent. As a consequence, if all singularities of L are apparent, then L has a left multiple whose trailing and leading coefficients equal 1.
Lie symmetries of systems of second-order linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients are exhaustively described over both the complex and real fields. The exact lower and upper bounds for the dimensions of the maximal Lie invariance algebras possessed by such systems are obtained using an effective algebraic approach.
We give a $q$-analog of middle convolution for linear $q$-difference equations with rational coefficients. In the differential case, middle convolution is defined by Katz, and he examined properties of middle convolution in detail. In this paper, we define a $q$-analog of middle convolution. Moreover, we show that it also can be expressed as a $q$-analog of Euler transformation. The $q$-middle convolution transforms Fuchsian type equation to Fuchsian type equation and preserves rigidity index of $q$-difference equations.
The determinant of a lower Hessenberg matrix (Hessenbergian) is expressed as a sum of signed elementary products indexed by initial segments of nonnegative integers. A closed form alternative to the recurrence expression of Hessenbergians is thus obtained. This result further leads to a closed form of the general solution for regular order linear difference equations with variable coefficients, including equations of N-order and equations of ascending order.
In this paper we study in a Hilbert space a homogeneous linear second order difference equation with nonconstant and noncommuting operator coefficients. We build its exact resolutive formula consisting in the explicit non-iterative expression of a generic term of the unknown sequence of vectors of the Hilbert space. Some non-trivial applications are reported with the aim of showing the usefulness and the broad applicability of our result.
S. A. Abramov
,M. A. Barkatou
,M. van Hoeij
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(2004)
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"Apparent Singularities of Linear Difference Equations with Polynomial Coefficients"
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Mark van Hoeij
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