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Register a new userCharacter Expansion, Zeros of Partition Function and $theta$-term in U(1) Gauge Theory
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Character expansion developed in real space renormalization group (RSRG) approach is applied to U(1) lattice gauge theory with $th$-term in 2 dimensions. Topological charge distribution $P(Q)$ is shown to be of Gaussian form at any $b$(inverse coupling constant). The partition function $Z(th)$ at large volume is shown to be given by the elliptic theta function. It provides the information of the zeros of partition function as an analytic function of $ze= e^{i th}$ ($th$ = theta parameter). These partition function zeros lead to the phase transition at $th=pi$. Analytical results will be compared with the MC simulation results. In MC simulation, we adopt (i)``set method and (ii)``trial function method.
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Monte Carlo simulation of gauge theories with a $theta$ term is known to be extremely difficult due to the sign problem. Recently there has been major progress in solving this problem based on the idea of complexifying dynamical variables. Here we consider the complex Langevin method (CLM), which is a promising approach for its low computational cost. The drawback of this method, however, is the existence of a condition that has to be met in order for the results to be correct. As a first step, we apply the method to 2D U(1) gauge theory on a torus with a $theta$ term, which can be solved analytically. We find that a naive implementation of the method fails because of the topological nature of the $theta$ term. In order to circumvent this problem, we simulate the same theory on a punctured torus, which is equivalent to the original model in the infinite volume limit for $ |theta| < pi$. Rather surprisingly, we find that the CLM works and reproduces the exact results for a punctured torus even at large $theta$, where the link variables near the puncture become very far from being unitary.
In 4D compact U(1) lattice gauge theory with a monopole term added to the Wilson action we first reveal some properties of a third phase region at negative $beta$. Then at some larger values of the monopole coupling $lambda$ by a finite-size analysis we find values of the critical exponent $ u$ close to, however, different from the Gaussian value.
We investigate four-dimensional compact U(1) lattice gauge theory with a monopole term added to the Wilson action. First we consider the phase structure at negative $beta$, revealing some properties of a third phase region there, in particular the existence of a number of different states. Then our present studies concentrate on larger values of the monopole coupling $lambda$ where the confinement-Coulomb phase transition turns out to become of second order. Performing a finite-size analysis we find that the critical exponent $ u$ is close to, however, different from the gaussian value and that in the range considered $ u$ increases somewhat with $lambda$.
We investigate critical properties of the phase transition in the four-dimensional compact U(1) lattice gauge theory supplemented by a monopole term for values of the monopole coupling $lambda$ such that the transition is of second order. It has been previously shown that at $lambda= 0.9$ the critical exponent is already characteristic of a second-order transition and that it is different from the one of the Gaussian case. In the present study we perform a finite size analysis at $lambda=1.1$ to get information wether the value of this exponent is universal.
We discuss a new strategy for treating the complex action problem of lattice field theories with a $theta$-term based on density of states (DoS) methods. The key ingredient is to use open boundary conditions where the topological charge is not quantized to integers and the density of states is sufficiently well behaved such that it can be computed precisely with recently developed DoS techniques. After a general discussion of the approach and the role of the boundary conditions, we analyze the method for 2-d U(1) lattice gauge theory with a $theta$-term, a model that can be solved in closed form. We show that in the continuum limit periodic and open boundary conditions describe the same physics and derive the DoS, demonstrating that only for open boundary conditions the density is sufficiently well behaved for a numerical evaluation. We conclude our proof of principle analysis with a small test simulation where we numerically compute the density and compare it with the analytical result.
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