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Register a new userModel Calculations for Copper Clusters on Gold Electrodes
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Using the embedded-atom method, the structure of small copper clusters on Au(111) electrodes has been investigated both by static and dynamic calculations. By varying the size of roughly circular clusters, the edge energy per atom is obtained; it agrees quite well with estimates based on experimental results. Small three-dimensional clusters tend to have the shape of a pyramid, whose sides are oriented in the directions of small surface energy. The presence of a cluster is found to distort the underlying lattice of adsorbed copper atoms.
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Stochastic inhomogeneous oxidation is an inherent characteristic of copper (Cu), often hindering color tuning and bandgap engineering of oxides. Coherent control of the interface between metal and metal oxide remains unresolved. We demonstrate coherent propagation of an oxidation front in single-crystal Cu thin film to achieve a full-color spectrum for Cu by precisely controlling its oxide-layer thickness. Grain boundary-free and atomically flat films prepared by atomic-sputtering epitaxy allow tailoring of the oxide layer with an abrupt interface via heat treatment with a suppressed temperature gradient. Color tuning of nearly full-color RGB indices is realized by precise control of oxide-layer thickness; our samples covered ~50.4% of the sRGB color space. The color of copper/copper oxide is realized by the reconstruction of the quantitative yield color from oxide pigment (complex dielectric functions of Cu2O) and light-layer interference (reflectance spectra obtained from the Fresnel equations) to produce structural color. We further demonstrate laser-oxide lithography with micron-scale linewidth and depth through local phase transformation to oxides embedded in the metal, providing spacing necessary for semiconducting transport and optoelectronics functionality.
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