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Register a new userA Nonlinear Analysis of the Averaged Euler Equations
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Darryl D. Holm
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This paper develops the geometry and analysis of the averaged Euler equations for ideal incompressible flow in domains in Euclidean space and on Riemannian manifolds, possibly with boundary. The averaged Euler equations involve a parameter $alpha$; one interpretation is that they are obtained by ensemble averaging the Euler equations in Lagrangian representation over rapid fluctuations whose amplitudes are of order $alpha$. The particle flows associated with these equations are shown to be geodesics on a suitable group of volume preserving diffeomorphisms, just as with the Euler equations themselves (according to Arnolds theorem), but with respect to a right invariant $H^1$ metric instead of the $L^2$ metric. The equations are also equivalent to those for a certain second grade fluid. Additional properties of the Euler equations, such as smoothness of the geodesic spray (the Ebin-Marsden theorem) are also shown to hold. Using this nonlinear analysis framework, the limit of zero viscosity for the corresponding viscous equations is shown to be a regular limit, {it even in the presence of boundaries}.
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There is a well developed and useful theory of Hamiltonian reduction for semidirect products, which applies to examples such as the heavy top, compressible fluids and MHD, which are governed by Lie-Poisson type equations. In this paper we study the Lagrangian analogue of this process and link it with the general theory of Lagrangian reduction; that is the reduction of variational principles. These reduced variational principles are interesting in their own right since they involve constraints on the allowed variations, analogous to what one finds in the theory of nonholonomic systems with the Lagrange dAlembert principle. In addition, the abstract theorems about circulation, what we call the Kelvin-Noether theorem, are given.
A novel semi-Lagrangian method is introduced to solve numerically the Euler equation for ideal incompressible flow in arbitrary space dimension. It exploits the time-analyticity of fluid particle trajectories and requires, in principle, only limited spatial smoothness of the initial data. Efficient generation of high-order time-Taylor coefficients is made possible by a recurrence relation that follows from the Cauchy invariants formulation of the Euler equation (Zheligovsky & Frisch, J. Fluid Mech. 2014, 749, 404-430). Truncated time-Taylor series of very high order allow the use of time steps vastly exceeding the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy limit, without compromising the accuracy of the solution. Tests performed on the two-dimensional Euler equation indicate that the Cauchy-Lagrangian method is more - and occasionally much more - efficient and less prone to instability than Eulerian Runge-Kutta methods, and less prone to rapid growth of rounding errors than the high-order Eulerian time-Taylor algorithm. We also develop tools of analysis adapted to the Cauchy-Lagrangian method, such as the monitoring of the radius of convergence of the time-Taylor series. Certain other fluid equations can be handled similarly.
We study Euler-Poincare systems (i.e., the Lagrangian analogue of Lie-Poisson Hamiltonian systems) defined on semidirect product Lie algebras. We first give a derivation of the Euler-Poincare equations for a parameter dependent Lagrangian by using a variational principle of Lagrange dAlembert type. Then we derive an abstract Kelvin-Noether theorem for these equations. We also explore their relation with the theory of Lie-Poisson Hamiltonian systems defined on the dual of a semidirect product Lie algebra. The Legendre transformation in such cases is often not invertible; so it does not produce a corresponding Euler-Poincare system on that Lie algebra. We avoid this potential difficulty by developing the theory of Euler-Poincare systems entirely within the Lagrangian framework. We apply the general theory to a number of known examples, including the heavy top, ideal compressible fluids and MHD. We also use this framework to derive higher dimensional Camassa-Holm equations, which have many potentially interesting analytical properties. These equations are Euler-Poincare equations for geodesics on diffeomorphism groups (in the sense of the Arnold program) but where the metric is H^1 rather than L^2.
Quantum computers are known to provide an exponential advantage over classical computers for the solution of linear differential equations in high-dimensional spaces. Here, we present a quantum algorithm for the solution of nonlinear differential equations. The quantum algorithm provides an exponential advantage over classical algorithms for solving nonlinear differential equations. Potential applications include the Navier-Stokes equation, plasma hydrodynamics, epidemiology, and more.
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