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Register a new userTeV Measurements of Young Pulsars and Supernova Remnants
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Observations have been made with the University of Durham Mark 6 telescope of a number of supernova remnants and young pulsars (Vela pulsar, PSR B1055-52, PSR J1105-6107, PSR J0537-6910 and PSR B0540-69). No VHE gamma ray emission, either steady or pulsed, has been detected from these objects.
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The age of a supernova remnant (SNR) is, though undoubtedly one of the most important properties for study of its evolution, difficult to estimate reliably in most cases. In this study, we compare the dynamical and plasma ages of the SNRs and characteristic ages of their associated pulsars with the corresponding SNRs ages that are generally thought to be reliable ($t_{rm r}$): historical and light-echo ages of the SNRs, kinematic ages of the ejecta knots and kinematic ages of the associated neutron stars (NS). The kinematic age of ejecta knots or a NS is the time that they have taken to reach the current positions from the explosion center. We use all of the available 24 systems for which $t_{rm r}$ is already available (historical, light-echo, and ejecta kinematic ages) or measurable (NS kinematic age). We estimate the NS kinematic ages for eight SNR-NS systems by determining quantitatively the geometric centers of the SNR shells. The obtained $t_{rm r}$ ranges from 33 yr to $approx 400$ kyr. We find that the two SNR ages, dynamical and plasma ages, are consistent with $t_{rm r}$ within a factor of four, whereas the characteristic ages of the pulsars differ from $t_{rm r}$ by more than a factor of four in some systems. Using the $t_{rm r}$ summarized in this work, we present the initial spin periods of the associated pulsars, which are more strictly constrained than the previous works, as well.
Observational data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope are analyzed with a goal in mind to look for variations in gamma-ray flux from young shell-like supernova remnants. Uniform methodological approach is adopted for all SNRs considered. G1.9+0.3 and Kepler SNRs are not detected. The light curves of Cas~A and Tycho SNRs are compatible with the steady GeV flux during the recent ten years, as also X-ray and radio fluxes. Less confident results on SN1006 and SN1987A are discussed.
Thanks to the unprecedented spectral resolution and sensitivity of the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) to soft thermal X-ray emission, ASTRO-H will open a new discovery window for understanding young, ejecta-dominated, supernova remnants (SNRs). In particular we study how ASTRO-H observations will address, comprehensively, three key topics in SNR research: (1) using abundance measurements to unveil SNR progenitors, (2) using spatial and velocity distribution of the ejecta to understand supernova explosion mechanisms, (3) revealing the link between the thermal plasma state of SNRs and the efficiency of their particle acceleration.
Observations of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) have revealed the presence of extensive mixing of radioactive material in SN ejecta. The mixing of radioactive material, mostly freshly synthesized Ni, is not complete, which leads to a two-phase SN ejecta structure. The low-density phase consists of Fe bubbles, created by the energy input from radioactive Co and Ni, surrounded by compressed high-density metal-rich ejecta. We report on the theoretical investigation of supernova remnant (SNR) dynamics with the two-phase SN ejecta. We first present 3-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of a single Fe bubble immersed in an outer ejecta envelope, and compare the results with previous work on shock-cloud interactions. We then consider randomly distributed Fe bubbles with an average volume filling fraction of 1/2. We find that the presence of Fe bubbles leads to vigorous turbulence and mixing of Fe with other heavy elements and with the ambient normal-abundance gas. The turbulent energy can be an order of magnitude larger than in the case of smooth ejecta. A significant fraction of the shocked ejecta is found in narrow filaments and clumps moving with radial velocities larger than the velocity of the forward shock. Observational consequences of the two-phase ejecta on SNR X-ray spectra and images are briefly mentioned.
Context: Tracing unstable isotopes produced in supernova nucleosynthesis provides a direct diagnostic of supernova explosion physics. Theoretical models predict an extensive variety of scenarios, which can be constrained through observations of the abundant isotopes $^{56}$Ni and $^{44}$Ti. Direct evidence of the latter was previously found only in two core-collapse supernova events, and appears to be absent in thermonuclear supernovae.Aims: We aim to to constrain the supernova progenitor types of Cas A, SN 1987A, Vela Jr., G1.9+0.3, SN1572, and SN1604 through their $^{44}$Ti ejecta masses and explosion kinematics. Methods: We analyzed INTEGRAL/SPI observations of the candidate sources utilizing an empirically motivated high-precision background model. We analyzed the three dominant spectroscopically resolved de-excitation lines at 68, 78, and 1157,keV emitted in the decay chain of $^{44}$Ti. The fluxes allow the determination of the production yields of $^{44}$Ti. Remnant kinematics were obtained from the Doppler characteristics of the lines. Results: We find a significant signal for Cas A in all three lines with a combined significance of 5.4$sigma$. The fluxes are $(3.3 pm 0.9) times 10^{-5}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, and $(4.2 pm 1.0) times 10^{-5}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ for the $^{44}$Ti and $^{44}$Sc decay, respectively. We obtain higher fluxes for $^{44}$Ti with our analysis of Cas A than were obtained in previous analyses. We discuss potential differences. Conclusions: We obtain a high $^{44}$Ti ejecta mass for Cas A that is in disagreement with ejecta yields from symmetric 2D models. Upper limits for the other core-collapse supernovae are in agreement with model predictions and previous studies. The upper limits we find for the three thermonuclear supernovae consistently exclude the double detonation and pure helium deflagration models as progenitors.
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