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We carried out a quantitative spectral analysis of 73 hot subluminous O-stars selected from the SDSS spectral database. While the helium deficient sdOs are scattered over a wide range of effective temperature and gravity, the helium enriched sdO stars are concentrated in a small intervall of 40kK to 50kK and log g = 5.5 ... 6.0. Comparing the distribution in the T_eff-log g-diagram with evolutionary tracks, we find the helium deficient sdOs to be the progeny of the sdB stars. The results for the helium enriched ones are less conclusive. Both the merger of two white dwarfs and the delayed helium core flash scenarios are viable options to be explored further.
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Mass-loss rate is one of the most important stellar parameters. We aim to provide mass-loss rates as a function of subdwarf parameters and to apply the formula for individual subdwarfs, to predict the wind terminal velocities, to estimate the influence of the magnetic field and X-ray ionization on the stellar wind, and to study the interaction of subdwarf wind with mass loss from Be and cool companions. We used our kinetic equilibrium (NLTE) wind models with the radiative force determined from the radiative transfer equation in the comoving frame (CMF) to predict the wind structure of subluminous hot stars. Our models solve stationary hydrodynamical equations, that is the equation of continuity, equation of motion, and energy equation and predict basic wind parameters. We predicted the wind mass-loss rate as a function of stellar parameters, namely the stellar luminosity, effective temperature, and metallicity. The derived wind parameters (mass-loss rates and terminal velocities) agree with the values derived from the observations. The radiative force is not able to accelerate the homogeneous wind for stars with low effective temperatures and high surface gravities. We discussed the properties of winds of individual subdwarfs. The X-ray irradiation may inhibit the flow in binaries with compact components. In binaries with Be components, the winds interact with the disk of the Be star. Stellar winds exist in subluminous stars with low gravities or high effective temperatures. Despite their low mass-loss rates, they are detectable in the ultraviolet spectrum and cause X-ray emission. Subdwarf stars may lose a significant part of their mass during the evolution. The angular momentum loss in magnetic subdwarfs with wind may explain their low rotational velocities. Stellar winds are especially important in binaries, where they may be accreted on a compact or cool companion. (abridged)
The project Massive Unseen Companions to Hot Faint Underluminous Stars from SDSS (MUCHFUSS) aims to find sdBs with compact companions like massive white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes. Here we provide classifications, atmospheric parameters and a complete radial velocity (RV) catalogue containing 1914 single measurements for an sample of 177 hot subluminous stars discovered based on SDSS DR7. 110 stars show significant RV variability, while 67 qualify as candidates. We constrain the fraction of close massive compact companions {of hydrogen-rich hot subdwarfs} in our sample to be smaller than $sim1.3%$, which is already close to the theoretical predictions. However, the sample might still contain such binaries with longer periods exceeding $sim8,{rm d}$. We detect a mismatch between the $Delta RV_{rm max}$-distribution of the sdB and the more evolved sdOB and sdO stars, which challenges our understanding of their evolutionary connection. Furthermore, irregular RV variations of unknown origin with amplitudes of up to $sim180,{rm km,s^{-1}}$ on timescales of years, days and even hours have been detected in some He-sdO stars. They might be connected to irregular photometric variations in some cases.
The ESO Supernova Progenitor Survey (SPY) has identified 58 (mostly helium-rich) subluminous O stars. We use the Balmer line strength to distinguish sdO from He-sdO (no Balmer lines) and present the results of the analyses of high resolution optical VLT-UVES spectra using an extensive grid of NLTE atmosphere models covering a large range in Teff, log g and helium abundances. The stellar atmospheric parameters are derived from line profile fits using a chi**2 technique. The resulting distribution in the (Teff, log g) diagram as well as the luminosity function are discussed in the context of stellar evolution scenarios. By combining our results with those for the sdB stars from SPY (Lisker et al. 2004) we discuss the implications for binary population synthesis models of Han et al. (2003). Models with a low CEE efficiency and a constant mass ratio distribution provide a reasonable explanation of the observed properties of the SPY sample of sdB and sdO stars indicating that the sdO stars form the hot and luminous extension of the sdB sequence. However, for the He-sdO stars none of the considered evolution scenarios are in agreement with the measured parameters of our programme stars. We conclude that He-sdO stars are formed by a different process than the sdB and sdO stars.
The project Massive Unseen Companions to Hot Faint Underluminous Stars from SDSS (MUCHFUSS) aims at finding hot subdwarf stars with massive compact companions (white dwarfs with masses $M>1.0 {rm M_{odot}}$, neutron stars or black holes). The existence of such systems is predicted by binary evolution calculations and some candidate systems have been found. We identified $simeq1100$ hot subdwarf stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Stars with high velocities have been reobserved and individual SDSS spectra have been analysed. About 70 radial velocity variable subdwarfs have been selected as good candidates for follow-up time resolved spectroscopy to derive orbital parameters and photometric follow-up to search for features like eclipses in the light curves. Up to now we found nine close binary sdBs with short orbital periods ranging from $simeq0.07 {rm d}$ to $1.5 {rm d}$. Two of them are eclipsing binaries with companions that are most likely of substellar nature.
The connection between helium-rich hot subdwarfs of spectral types O and B (He-sdB) has been relatively unexplored since the latter were found in significant numbers in the 1980s. In order to explore this connection further, we have analysed the surface composition of six He-sdB stars, including LB 1766, LB 3229, SB 21 (= Ton-S 137 = BPS 29503-0009), BPS 22940-0009, BPS 29496-0010, and BPS 22956-0094. Opacity-sampled line-blanketed model atmospheres have been used to derive atmospheric properties and elemental abundances. All the stars are moderately metal-poor compared with the Sun ([Fe/H] ~ -0.5). Four stars are nitrogen-rich, two of these are carbon-rich, and at least four appear to be neon-rich. The data are insufficient to rule out binarity in any of the sample. The surface composition and locus of the N-rich He-sdBs are currently best explained by the merger of two helium white dwarfs, or possibly by the merger of a helium white dwarf with a post-sdB white dwarf. C-rich He-sdBs require further investigation.
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