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Register a new userThe 2dF BL Lac Survey II
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We report on our further analysis of the expanded and revised sample of potential BL Lac objects (the 2BL) optically identified from two catalogues of blue-selected (UV excess) point sources, the 2dF and 6dF QSO Redshift Surveys (2QZ and 6QZ). The 2BL comprises 52 objects with no apparent proper motion, over the magnitude range 16.0 < bj< 20.0. Follow-up high signal-to-noise spectra of 36 2BL objects and NIR imaging of 18 objects, together with data for 19 2BL objects found in the Sloan Digital Sky survey (SDSS), show 17 objects to be stellar, while a further 16 objects have evidence of weak, broad emission features, although for at least one of these the continuum level has clearly varied. Classification of three objects remains uncertain,with NIR results indicating a marked reduction in flux as compared to SDSS optical magnitudes. Seven objects have neither high signal-to-noise spectra nor NIR imaging. Deep radio observations of 26 2BL objects at the VLA resulted in only three further radio-detections, however none of the three is classed as a featureless continuum object. Seven 2BL objects with a radio detection are confirmed as candidate BL Lac objects while one extragalactic (z=0.494) continuum object is undetected at radio frequencies. One further radio-undetected object is also a potential BL Lac candidate. However it would appear that there is no significant population of radio-quiet BL Lac objects.
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We collected a sample of 661 confirmed and 361 possible BL Lac candidates from the recent catalog of BL Lac objects (Veron-Cetty & Veron 2006). We searched these sources in the recent data release DR5 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and found spectra were available for 169 and 109 confirmed and possible BL Lac candidates respectively. We found 32 candidates from confirmed and 19 candidates from possible BL Lac lists have non featureless spectra and are thus possibly not BL Lac candidates. We report here the preliminary results from our analysis of a sample of 278 BL Lac objects.
We present UBVRI light curves of BL Lacertae from May 2000 to January 2001, obtained by 24 telescopes in 11 countries. More than 15000 observations were performed in that period, which was the extension of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) campaign originally planned for July-August 2000. Rapid flux oscillations are present all the time, involving variations up to a few tenths of mag on hour time scales, and witnessing an intense intraday activity of this source. Colour indexes have been derived by coupling the highest precision B and R data taken by the same instrument within 20 min and after subtracting the host galaxy contribution from the fluxes. The 620 indexes obtained show that the optical spectrum is weakly sensitive to the long-term trend, while it strictly follows the short-term flux behaviour, becoming bluer when the brightness increases. Thus, spectral changes are not related to the host galaxy contribution, but they are an intrinsic feature of fast flares. We suggest that the achromatic mechanism causing the long-term flux base-level modulation can be envisaged in a variation of the relativistic Doppler beaming factor, and that this variation is likely due to a change of the viewing angle. Discrete correlation function (DCF) analysis reveals the existence of a characteristic time scale of variability of about 7 h in the light curve of the core WEBT campaign, while no measurable time delay between variations in the B and R bands is found.
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F. DAmmando
, S. Rain`o (Dip.n Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin dellUniversit`a e del Politecnico din Bari
2018
AIMS. We are studying an unbiased sample of 42 nearby (z < 0.2) BL Lacertae objects with a multi-wavelength approach. The results of VLBI observations were presented in the first paper of this series. In this paper, we study the $gamma$-ray properties of the sample. METHODS. We analyse data collected by the Fermi LAT during its first 8.5 years of operation in the energy range 0.1-300 GeV. RESULTS. We reveal 23 sources with a test statistic greater than 25 (corresponding to $sim$ 4.6-$sigma$) out of 42, with 3 sources not detected in the 3LAC catalogue, and fluxes between $3.5times 10^{-10}$ and $7.4times10^{-8}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$. The majority of the sources have hard spectra ($Gamma leq 2$), with only four having values in the range 2.1-2.4. The three newly detected sources have fluxes in the range between $0.54times10^{-9}$ and $1.35times10^{-9}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, and photon index 1.7-1.9. Among the 23 LAT-detected sources, 19 are included in the 3FHL, with a spectrum that connects relatively smoothly from 0.1 GeV to 2 TeV. LAT-detected BL Lacs are more luminous on parsec scales with respect to non-LAT-detected sources and have larger core dominance according to the unified models. CONCLUSIONS. The LAT-detected BL Lacs seem to be composed of a bulk of classical sources dominated by Doppler boosting and characterised by compact and bright radio emission as well as hard $gamma$-ray spectra. Moreover, we have identified a possible population of low-luminosity BL Lacs not detected by LAT, lacking a VLBI core, and with a small Doppler factor. Furthermore, three LAT-detected sources show non-classical properties for $gamma$-ray emitting BL Lacs (no evidence of relativistic jet, low Doppler factor in radio images, relatively low core dominance) and three other sources, while showing radio emission on parsec scales, are not detected in $gamma$ rays so far.
We report the results of a phase-referencing study aimed at uncovering precession of the VLBI jet of BL Lac. The observations were conducted at 8, 15, 22, and 43 GHz and consist of seven epochs spanning about two years. We investigated the change in the absolute position of BL Lacs radio core by means of phase-referencing with two nearby sources, 2151+431 and 2207+374. The shift in the position of the core perpendicular to the jet is a signature of precession. However, the periodic variations with an amplitude of ~0.15 mas and a period of 1 year can be attributed to seasonal weather variations. We also detect a trend in position of the core on the scale of ~0.1 mas over two years.
We performed an observational program with the X-ray satellite BeppoSAX to study objects with extreme synchrotron peak frequencies (nu_peak > 1 keV). Of the seven sources observed, four showed peak frequencies in the range 1-5 keV, while one (1ES 1426+428) displayed a flat power law spectrum (alpha= 0.92), locating its synchrotron peak at or above 100 keV. This is the third source of this type ever found, after Mkn 501 and 1ES 2344+514. Our data confirm the large nu_peak variability of this class of sources, compared with lower peaked objects. The high synchrotron peak energies, flagging the presence of high energy electrons, make the extreme BL Lacs also good candidates for TeV emission, and therefore good probes for the IR background.
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