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Register a new userPolarimetry and the Envelopes of Magellanic B[e] Supergiants
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We discuss the nature of the circumstellar envelopes around the B[e] supergiants (B[e]SG) in the Magellanic Clouds (MC). Contrary to those in the Galaxy, the MC B[e]SG have a well defined luminosity and can be considered members of a well defined class. We discuss spectroscopy and optical broadband polarimetry and spectropolarimetry data. These data show for the first time detailed changes in the polarization across several spectral features. We show that the envelopes of the B[e]SG are generally variable. Broadband polarimetry data show that the envelopes are definitely non-spherically symmetric and large non-axisymmetric ejections may occur. In addition to that, spectropolarimetry is coming of age as a tool to study the B[e]SG envelope structure.
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B[e] supergiants are evolved massive stars with a complex circumstellar environment. A number of important emission features probe the structure and the kinematics of the circumstellar material. In our survey of Magellanic Cloud B[e] supergiants we focus on the [OI] and [CaII] emission lines, which we identified in four more objects.
The effects of rapid rotation and bi--stability upon the density contrast between the equatorial and polar directions of a B[e] supergiant are investigated. Based on a new slow solution for different high rotational radiation--driven winds and the fact that bi--stability allows a change in the line--force parameters ($alpha$, $k$, and $delta$), the equatorial densities are about $10^2$--$10^3$ times higher than the polar ones. These values are in qualitative agreement with the observations. This calculation also permits to obtain the aperture angle of the disk.
B[e] Supergiants are a phase in the evolution of some massive stars for which we have observational evidence but no predictions by any stellar evolution model. The mass-loss during this phase creates a complex circumstellar environment with atomic, molecular, and dust regions usually found in rings or disk-like structures. However, the detailed structure and the formation of the circumstellar environment are not well-understood, requiring further investigation. To address that we initiated an observing campaign to obtain a homogeneous set of high-resolution spectra in both the optical and NIR (using MPG-ESO/FEROS, GEMINI/Phoenix and VLT/CRIRES, respectively). We monitor a number of Galactic B[e] Supergiants, for which we examined the [OI] and [CaII] emission lines and the bandheads of the CO and SiO molecules to probe the structure and the kinematics of their formation regions. We find that the emission from each tracer forms either in a single or in multiple equatorial rings.
Discovered over 30 years ago, the B[e] phenomenon has not yet revealed all its puzzles. New objects that exhibit it are being discovered in the Milky Way, and properties of known objects are being constrained. We review recent findings about objects of this class and their subgroups as well as discuss new results from studies of the objects with yet unknown nature. In the Magellanic Clouds, the population of such objects has been restricted to supergiants. We present new candidates with apparently lower luminosities found in the LMC.
We report the results of a long-term spectroscopic monitoring of the A-type supergiant with the B[e] phenomenon 3 Pup = HD 62623. We confirm earlier findings that it is a binary system. The orbital parameters were derived using cross-correlation of the spectra in a range of 4460-4632 A, which contains over 30 absorption lines. The orbit was found circular with a period of $137.4pm0.1$ days, radial velocity semi-amplitude $K_{1} = 5.0pm0.8$ km s$^{-1}$, systemic radial velocity $gamma = +26.4pm2.0$ km s$^{-1}$, and the mass function $f(m) = (1.81^{+0.97}_{-0.76})times10^{-3}$ M$_{odot}$. The object may have evolved from a pair with initial masses of $sim$6.0 M$_{odot}$ and $sim$3.6 M$_{odot}$ with an initial orbital period of $sim$5 days. Based on the fundamental parameters of the A-supergiant (luminosity $log$ L/L$_{odot} = 4.1pm$0.1 and effective temperature T$_{rm eff} = 8500pm$500 K) and evolutionary tracks of mass-transferring binaries, we found current masses of the gainer M$_{2} = 8.8pm$0.5 M$_{odot}$ and donor M$_{1} = 0.75pm0.25$ M$_{odot}$. We also modeled the objects IR-excess and derived a dust mass of $sim 5,times10^{-5}$ M$_{odot}$ in the optically-thin dusty disk. The orbital parameters and properties of the H$alpha$ line profile suggest that the circumstellar gaseous disk is predominantly circumbinary. The relatively low mass of the gainer led us to a suggestion that 3 Pup should be excluded from the B[e] supergiant group and moved to the FS CMa group. Overall these results further support our original suggestion that FS CMa objects are binary systems, where an earlier mass-transfer caused formation of the circumstellar envelope.
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