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Register a new userThe evolution of the luminosity functions in the FORS Deep Field from low to high redshift: II. The red bands
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We present the redshift evolution of the restframe galaxy luminosity function (LF) in the red r, i, and z bands as derived from the FORS Deep Field (FDF). Using the deep and homogeneous I-band selected dataset of the FDF we are able to follow the red LFs over the redshift range 0.5 < z < 3.5. The results are based on photometric redshifts for 5558 galaxies derived from the photometry in 9 filters achieving an accuracy of Delta z / (z_spec+1) ~ 0.03 with only ~ 1 % outliers. Because of the depth of the FDF we can give relatively tight constraints on the faint-end slope alpha of the LF: The faint-end of the red LFs does not show a large redshift evolution and is compatible within 1 sigma to 2 sigma with a constant slope over the redshift range 0.5 < z < 2.0. Moreover, the slopes in r, i, and z are very similar with a best fitting value of alpha= -1.33 +- 0.03 for the combined bands. There is a clear trend of alpha to steepen with increasing wavelength: alpha_(UV & u)=-1.07 +- 0.04 -> alpha_(g & B)=-1.25 +- 0.03 -> alpha_(r & i & z)=-1.33 +- 0.03. We show that the wavelength dependence of the LF slope can be explained by the relative contribution of different SED-type LFs to the overall LF, as different SED types dominate the LF in the blue and red bands. Furthermore we also derive and analyze the luminosity density evolution of the different SED types up to z ~ 2. Based on the FDF data, we find only a mild brightening of M_star and decrease of phi_star with increasing redshift. Therefore, from <z> ~ 0.5 to <z> ~ 3 the characteristic luminosity increases by ~0.8, ~0.4 and ~0.4 magnitudes in the r, i, and z bands, respectively. Simultaneously the characteristic density decreases by about 40 % in all analyzed wavebands. [abridged]
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We use the very deep and homogeneous I-band selected dataset of the FORS Deep Field (FDF) to trace the evolution of the luminosity function over the redshift range 0.5 < z < 5.0. We show that the FDF I-band selection down to I(AB)=26.8 misses of the order of 10 % of the galaxies that would be detected in a K-band selected survey with magnitude limit K(AB)=26.3 (like FIRES). Photometric redshifts for 5558 galaxies are estimated based on the photometry in 9 filters (U, B, Gunn g, R, I, SDSS z, J, K and a special filter centered at 834 nm). A comparison with 362 spectroscopic redshifts shows that the achieved accuracy of the photometric redshifts is (Delta z / (z_spec+1)) < 0.03 with only ~ 1 % outliers. This allows us to derive luminosity functions with a reliability similar to spectroscopic surveys. In addition, the luminosity functions can be traced to objects of lower luminosity which generally are not accessible to spectroscopy. We investigate the evolution of the luminosity functions evaluated in the restframe UV (1500 Angstroem and 2800 Angstroem), u, B, and g bands. Comparison with results from the literature shows the reliability of the derived luminosity functions. Out to redshifts of z ~ 2.5 the data are consistent with a slope of the luminosity function approximately constant with redshift, at a value of -1.07 +- 0.04 in the UV (1500 Angstroem, 2800 Angstroem) as well as u, and -1.25 +- 0.03 in the blue (g, B). We do not see evidence for a very steep slope (alpha < -1.6) in the UV at z ~ 3.0 and z ~ 4.0 favoured by other authors. There may be a tendency for the faint-end slope to become shallower with increasing redshift but the effect is marginal. We find a brightening of M_star and a decrease of Phi_star with redshift for all analyzed wavelengths. [abridged]
We explore the build-up of stellar mass in galaxies over a wide redshift range 0.4 < z < 5.0 by studying the evolution of the specific star formation rate (SSFR), defined as the star formation rate per unit stellar mass, as a function of stellar mass and age. Our work is based on a combined sample of ~ 9000 galaxies from the FORS Deep Field and the GOODS-S field, providing high statistical accuracy and relative insensitivity against cosmic variance. As at lower redshifts, we find that lower-mass galaxies show higher SSFRs than higher mass galaxies, although highly obscured galaxies remain undetected in our sample. Furthermore, the highest mass galaxies contain the oldest stellar populations at all redshifts, in principle agreement with the existence of evolved, massive galaxies at 1 < z < 3. It is remarkable, however, that this trend continues to very high redshifts of z ~ 4. We also show that with increasing redshift the SSFR for massive galaxies increases by a factor of ~ 10, reaching the era of their formation at z ~ 2 and beyond. These findings can be interpreted as evidence for an early epoch of star formation in the most massive galaxies, and ongoing star-formation activity in lower mass galaxies.
Dedicating a major fraction of its guaranteed time, the FORS consortium established a FORS Deep Field which contains a known QSO at z = 3.36. It was imaged in UBgRIz with FORS at the VLT as well as in J and Ks with the NTT. Covering an area 6-8 times larger as the HDFs but with similar depth in the optical it is one of the largest deep fields up to date to investigate i) galaxy evolution in the field from present up to z $sim$ 5, ii) the galaxy distribution in the line of sight to the QSO, iii) the high-z QSO environment and iv) the galaxy-galaxy lensing signal in such a large field. In this presentation a status report of the FORS Deep Field project is given. In particular, the field selection, the imaging results (number counts, photometric redshifts etc.) and the first spectroscopic results are presented.
The satellite populations of the Milky Way, and Milky-Way-mass galaxies in the local universe, have been extensively studied to constrain dark-matter and galaxy-evolution physics. Recently, there has been a shift to studying satellites of hosts with stellar masses between that of the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way, since they can provide further insight on hierarchical structure formation, environmental effects on satellites, and the nature of dark-matter. Most work is focused on the Local Volume, and little is still known about low-mass host galaxies at higher red-shift. To improve our understanding of the evolution of satellite populations of low-mass hosts, we study satellite galaxy populations as a function of host stellar mass $9.5 < log(M_*/M_odot) < 10.5$ and redshifts $0.1 < z < 0.8$ in the COSMOS survey, making this the first study of satellite systems of low-mass hosts across half the age of the universe. We find that the satellite populations of low-mass host galaxies, which we measure down to satellite masses equivalent to the Fornax dwarf spheroidal satellite of the Milky Way, remain mostly unchanged through time. We observe a weak dependence between host stellar mass and number of satellites per host, which suggests that the stellar masses of the hosts are in the power-law regime of the stellar mass to halo mass relation $(M_*-M_{text{halo}})$ for low-mass galaxies. Finally, we test the constraining power of our measured cumulative luminosity function to calculate the low-mass end slope of the $M_*-M_text{halo}$ relation. These new satellite luminosity function measurements are consistent with ${Lambda}$CDM predictions.
We report on new measurements of the luminosity function (LF) and mass function (MF) of field low-mass dwarfs derived from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 6 (DR6) photometry. The analysis incorporates ~15 million low-mass stars (0.1 Msun < M < 0.8 Msun), spread over 8,400 square degrees. Stellar distances are estimated using new photometric parallax relations, constructed from ugriz photometry of nearby low-mass stars with trigonometric parallaxes. We use a technique that simultaneously measures Galactic structure and the stellar LF from 7 < M_r < 16. We compare the LF to previous studies and convert to a MF using the mass-luminosity relations of Delfosse et al., 2000. The system MF, measured over -1.0 < log M/Msun < -0.1, is well-described by a log-normal distribution with Mo = 0.25 Msun. We stress that our results should not be extrapolated to other mass regimes. Our work generally agrees with prior low-mass stellar MFs and places strong constraints on future star-formation studies of the Milky Way.
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