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Register a new userClassifications of the Host Galaxies of Supernovae, Set III
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Sidney van den Bergh
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A homogeneous sample comprising host galaxies of 604 recent supernovae, including 212 objects discovered primarily in 2003 and 2004, has been classified on the David Dunlap Observatory system. Most SN 1991bg-like SNe Ia occur in E and E/Sa galaxies, whereas the majority of SN 1991T-like SNe Ia occur in intermediate-type galaxies. This difference is significant at the 99.9% level. As expected, all types of SNe II are rare in early-type galaxies, whereas normal SNe Ia occur in all Hubble types. This difference is significant at the 99.99% level. A small number of SNe II in E galaxies might be due to galaxy classification errors, or to a small young-population component in these mainly old objects. No significant difference is found between the distributions over Hubble type of SNe Ibc and SNe II. This confirms that both of these types of objects have similar (massive) progenitors. The present data show that, in order to understand the dependence of supernova type on host-galaxy population, it is more important to obtain accurate morphological classifications than it is to increase the size of the data sample.
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Classifications on the DDO system are given for an additional 231 host galaxies of supernovae that have been discovered during the course of the Lick Observatory Supernova Search with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope (KAIT). This brings the total number of hosts of supernovae discovered (or independently rediscovered) by KAIT, which have so far been classified on a homogeneous system, to 408. The probability that SNe Ia and SNe II have a different distribution of host galaxy Hubble types is found to be 99.7%. A significant difference is also found between the distributions of the host galaxies of SNe Ia and of SNe Ibc (defined here to include SNe Ib, Ib/c, and Ic). However, no significant difference is detected between the frequency distributions of the host galaxies of SNe II and SNe IIn. This suggests that SNe IIn are generally not SNe Ia embedded in circumstellar material that are masquerading as SNe II. Furthermore, no significant difference is found between the distribution of the Hubble types of the hosts of SNe Ibc and of SNe II. Additionally, SNe II-P and SNe II-L are found to occur among similar stellar populations. The ratio of the number of SNe Ia-pec to normal SNe Ia appears to be higher in early-type galaxies than it is in galaxies of later morphological types. This suggests that the ancestors of SNe Ia-pec may differ systematically in age or composition from the progenitors of normal SNe Ia. Unexpectedly, five SNe of Types Ib/c, II, and IIn (all of which are thought to have massive progenitors) are found in host galaxies that are nominally classified as types E and S0. However, in each case the galaxy classification is uncertain, or newly inspected images show evidence suggesting a later classification (abridged) ...
Classifications on the DDO system are given for the host galaxies of 177 supernovae (SNe) that have been discovered since 1997 during the course of the Lick Observatory Supernova Search with the Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope. Whereas SNe Ia occur in all galaxy types, it is found, at a high level of statistical confidence, that SNe Ib, Ic, and II are strongly concentrated in late-type galaxies. However, attention is drawn to a possible exception provided by SN 2001I. This SN IIn occurred in the E2 galaxy UGC 2836, which was not expected to harbor a massive young supernova progenitor.
We present Spitzer/MIPS 24 micron observations of 50 supernova host galaxies at 0.1<z<1.7 in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields. We also discuss the detection of SN host galaxies in SCUBA/850 micron observations of GOODS-N and Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) 16 micron observations of GOODS-S. About 60% of the host galaxies of both Type Ia and core-collapse supernovae are detected at 24 microns, a detection rate which is a factor of 1.5 higher than the field galaxy population. Among the 24 micron detected hosts, 80% have far-infrared luminosities that are comparable to or greater than the optical luminosity indicating the presence of substantial amounts of dust in the hosts. The median bolometric luminosity of the Type Ia SN hosts is ~10^10.5 L_sun, very similar to that of core-collapse SN hosts. Using the high resolution Hubble/ACS data, we have studied the variation of rest-frame optical/ultraviolet colors within the 24 micron detected galaxies at z<1 to understand the origin of the dust emission. The 24 micron detected galaxies have average colors which are redder by ~0.1 mag than the 24 micron undetected hosts while the latter show greater scatter in internal colors. This suggests that a smooth distribution of dust is responsible for the observed mid- and far-infrared emission. 70% of supernovae that have been detected in the GOODS fields are located within the half-light radius of the hosts where dust obscuration effects are significant. Although the dust emission that we detect cannot be translated into a line of sight A_V, we suggest that the factor of 2-3 larger scatter in the peak B-V colors that is seen in the high-z Type Ia supernova sample relative to the low-z supernovae might be partially due to the dust that we detect in the hosts.
Spectra of broad-lined Type Ic supernovae (SN Ic-BL), the only kind of SN observed at the locations of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs), exhibit wide features indicative of high ejecta velocities (~0.1c). We study the host galaxies of a sample of 245 low-redshift (z<0.2) core-collapse SN, including 17 SN Ic-BL, discovered by galaxy-untargeted searches, and 15 optically luminous and dust-obscured z<1.2 LGRBs. We show that, in comparison with SDSS galaxies having similar stellar masses, the hosts of low-redshift SN Ic-BL and z<1.2 LGRBs have high stellar-mass and star-formation-rate densities. Core-collapse SN having typical ejecta velocities, in contrast, show no preference for such galaxies. Moreover, we find that the hosts of SN Ic-BL, unlike those of SN Ib/Ic and SN II, exhibit high gas velocity dispersions for their stellar masses. The patterns likely reflect variations among star-forming environments, and suggest that LGRBs can be used as probes of conditions in high-redshift galaxies. They may be caused by efficient formation of massive binary progenitors systems in densely star-forming regions, or, less probably, a higher fraction of stars created with the initial masses required for a SN Ic-BL or LGRB. Finally, we show that the preference of SN Ic-BL and LGRBs for galaxies with high stellar-mass and star-formation-rate densities cannot be attributed to a preference for low metal abundances but must reflect the influence of a separate environmental factor.
We present the results of 3 GHz radio continuum observations of the 8 host galaxies of super-luminous supernovae (SLSNe) at $0.1 < z < 0.3$ by using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. Four host galaxies are detected significantly, and two of them are found to have high star-formation rates (SFRs $>$ 20 $M_{odot}$ yr$^{-1}$) derived from radio emission, making them the most intensely star-forming host galaxies among SLSN host galaxies. We compare radio SFRs and optical SFRs, and find that three host galaxies have an excess in radio SFRs by a factor of $>$2, suggesting the existence of dust-obscured star formation, which cannot be traced by optical studies. Two of the three host galaxies, which are located in the galaxy main sequence based on optical SFRs, are found to be above the main sequence based on their radio SFRs. This suggests a higher fraction of starburst galaxies in SLSN hosts than estimated in previous studies. We calculate extinction from the ratio between radio SFRs and dust-uncorrected optical SFRs and find that the hosts are on the trend of increasing extinction with metallicity, which is consistent with the relation in local star-forming galaxies. We also place a constraint on a pulsar-driven SN model, which predicts quasi-steady synchrotron radio emission.
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