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Register a new userPresupernova Evolution of Differentially Rotating Massive Stars Including Magnetic Fields
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Authors
A. Heger
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As a massive star evolves through multiple stages of nuclear burning on its way to becoming a supernova, a complex, differentially rotating structure is set up. Angular momentum is transported by a variety of classic instabilities, and also by magnetic torques from fields generated by the differential rotation. We present the first stellar evolution calculations to follow the evolution of rotating massive stars including, at least approximately, all these effects, magnetic and non-magnetic, from the zero-age main sequence until the onset of iron-core collapse. The evolution and action of the magnetic fields is as described by Spruit 2002 and a range of uncertain parameters is explored. In general, we find that magnetic torques decrease the final rotation rate of the collapsing iron core by about a factor of 30 to 50 when compared with the non-magnetic counterparts. Angular momentum in that part of the presupernova star destined to become a neutron star is an increasing function of main sequence mass. That is, pulsars derived from more massive stars will rotate faster and rotation will play a more dominant role in the stars explosion. The final angular momentum of the core is determined - to within a factor of two - by the time the star ignites carbon burning. For the lighter stars studied, around 15 solar masses, we predict pulsar periods at birth near 15 ms, though a factor of two range is easily tolerated by the uncertainties. Several mechanisms for additional braking in a young neutron star, especially by fall back, are also explored.
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Rotation in massive stars has been studied on the main sequence and during helium burning for decades, but only recently have realistic numerical simulations followed the transport of angular momentum that occurs during more advanced stages of evolution. The results affect such interesting issues as whether rotation is important to the explosion mechanism, whether supernovae are strong sources of gravitational radiation, the stars nucleosynthesis, and the initial rotation rate of neutron stars and black holes. We find that when only hydrodynamic instabilities (shear, Eddington-Sweet, etc.) are included in the calculation, one obtains neutron stars spinning at close to critical rotation at their surface -- or even formally in excess of critical. When recent estimates of magnetic torques (Spruit 2002) are added, however, the evolved cores spin about an order of magnitude slower. This is still more angular momentum than observed in young pulsars, but too slow for the collapsar model for gamma-ray bursts.
When a supernova explosion occurs in neighbors around hundreds pc, current and future neutrino detectors are expected to observe neutrinos from the presupernova star before the explosion. We show a possibility for obtaining the evidence for burning processes in the central region of presupernova stars though the observations of neutrino signals by current and future neutrino detectors such as KamLAND, JUNO, and Hyper-Kamiokande. We also investigate supernova alarms using neutrinos from presupernova stars in neighbors. If a supernova explodes at ~ 200 pc, future 20 kton size liquid scintillation detectors are expected to observe hundreds neutrino events. We also propose a possibility of the detection of neutrino events by Gd-loaded Hyper-Kamiokande using delayed $gamma$-ray signals. These detectors could observe detailed time variation of neutrino events. The neutrino emission rate increases by the core contraction in the final evolution stage. However, the O and Si shell burnings suppress the neutrino emission for a moment. The observed decrease in the neutrino event rate before hours to the explosion is possibly evidence for the shell burnings. The observations of detailed time evolution of presupernova neutrino events could reveal properties of burning processes in the central region of presupernova stars.
The evolution of helium stars with initial masses in the range 1.6 to 120 Msun is studied, including the effects of mass loss by winds. These stars are assumed to form in binary systems when their expanding hydrogenic envelopes are promptly lost just after helium ignition. Significant differences are found with single star evolution, chiefly because the helium core loses mass during helium burning rather than gaining it from hydrogen shell burning. Consequently presupernova stars for a given initial mass function have considerably smaller mass when they die and will be easier to explode. Even accounting for this difference, the helium stars with mass loss develop more centrally condensed cores that should explode more easily than their single-star counterparts. The production of low mass black holes may be diminished. Helium stars with initial masses below 3.2 Msun experience significant radius expansion after helium depletion, reaching blue supergiant proportions. This could trigger additional mass exchange or affect the light curve of the supernova. The most common black hole masses produced in binaries is estimated to be about 9 Msun. A new maximum mass for black holes derived from pulsational pair-instability supernovae is derived - 46 Msun, and a new potential gap at 10 - 12 Msun is noted. Models pertinent to SN 2014ft are presented and a library of presupernova models is generated.
We present a dense model grid with tailored input chemical composition appropriate for the Large Magellanic Cloud. We use a one-dimensional hydrodynamic stellar evolution code, which accounts for rotation, transport of angular momentum by magnetic fields, and stellar wind mass loss to compute our detailed models. We calculate stellar evolution models with initial masses of 70-500 Msun and with initial surface rotational velocities of 0-550 km/s, covering the core-hydrogen burning phase of evolution. We find our rapid rotators to be strongly influenced by rotationally induced mixing of helium, with quasi-chemically homogeneous evolution occurring for the fastest rotating models. Above 160 Msun, homogeneous evolution is also established through mass loss, producing pure helium stars at core hydrogen exhaustion independent of the initial rotation rate. Surface nitrogen enrichment is also found for slower rotators, even for stars that lose only a small fraction of their initial mass. For models above 150 MZAMS, and for models in the whole considered mass range later on, we find a considerable envelope inflation due to the proximity of these models to their Eddington limit. This leads to a maximum zero-age main sequence surface temperature of 56000 K, at 180 Msun, and to an evolution of stars in the mass range 50-100 Msun to the regime of luminous blue variables in the HR diagram with high internal Eddington factors. Inflation also leads to decreasing surface temperatures during the chemically homogeneous evolution of stars above 180 Msun. The cool surface temperatures due to the envelope inflation in our models lead to an enhanced mass loss, which prevents stars at LMC metallicity from evolving into pair-instability supernovae. The corresponding spin-down will also prevent very massive LMC stars to produce long-duration gamma-ray bursts, which might, however, originate from lower masses.
Dynamical instabilities in protoneutron stars may produce gravitational waves whose observation could shed light on the physics of core-collapse supernovae. When born with sufficient differential rotation, these stars are susceptible to a shear instability (the low-T/|W| instability), but such rotation can also amplify magnetic fields to strengths where they have a considerable impact on the dynamics of the stellar matter. Using a new magnetohydrodynamics module for the Spectral Einstein Code, we have simulated a differentially-rotating neutron star in full 3D to study the effects of magnetic fields on this instability. Though strong toroidal fields were predicted to suppress the low-T/|W| instability, we find that they do so only in a small range of field strengths. Below 4e13 G, poloidal seed fields do not wind up fast enough to have an effect before the instability saturates, while above 5e14 G, magnetic instabilities can actually amplify a global quadrupole mode (this threshold may be even lower in reality, as small-scale magnetic instabilities remain difficult to resolve numerically). Thus, the prospects for observing gravitational waves from such systems are not in fact diminished over most of the magnetic parameter space. Additionally, we report that the detailed development of the low-T/|W| instability, including its growth rate, depends strongly on the particular numerical methods used. The high-order methods we employ suggest that growth might be considerably slower than found in some previous simulations.
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