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Register a new userTheoretical X-ray Line Profiles from Colliding Wind Binaries
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D.B. Henley Univ. ofn Birmingham
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We present theoretical X-ray line profiles from a range of model colliding wind systems. In particular, we investigate the effects of varying the stellar mass-loss rates, the wind speeds, and the viewing orientation. We find that a wide range of theoretical line profile shapes is possible, varying with orbital inclination and phase. At or near conjunction, the lines have approximately Gaussian profiles, with small widths (HWHM ~ 0.1 v_infty) and definite blue- or redshifts (depending on whether the star with the weaker wind is in front or behind). When the system is viewed at quadrature, the lines are generally much broader (HWHM ~ v_infty), flat-topped and unshifted. Local absorption can have a major effect on the observed profiles - in systems with mass-loss rates of a few times 10^{-6} Msol/yr the lower energy lines (E <~ 1 kev) are particularly affected. This generally results in blueward-skewed profiles, especially when the system is viewed through the dense wind of the primary. The orbital variation of the line widths and shifts is reduced in a low inclination binary. The extreme case is a binary with i = 0 degrees, for which we would expect no line profile variation.
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We have compiled a list of 36 O+O and 89 Wolf-Rayet binary candidates in the Milky Way and Magellanic clouds detected with the Chandra, XMM-Newton and ROSAT satellites to probe the connection between their X-ray properties and their system characteristics. Of the WR binaries with published parameters, all but two have kT > 0.9 keV. The most X-ray luminous WR binaries are typically very long period systems. The WR binaries show a nearly four-order of magnitude spread in X-ray luminosity, even among among systems with very similar WR primaries. Among the O+O binaries, short-period systems generally have soft X-ray spectra and longer period systems show harder X-ray spectra, again with a large spread in LX/Lbol.
X-ray line profiles represent a new way of studying the winds of massive stars. In particular, they enable us to probe in detail the wind-wind collision in colliding wind binaries, providing new insights into the structure and dynamics of the X-ray-emitting regions. We present the key results of new analyses of high-resolution Chandra X-ray spectra of two important colliding wind systems, Gamma Velorum and WR140. The lines of Gamma Vel are essentially unshifted from their rest wavelengths, which we suggest is evidence of a wide shock opening angle, indicative of sudden radiative braking. The widths of the lines of WR140 are correlated with ionization potential, implying non-equilibrium ionization. The implications of these results for the radio emission from these systems are discussed, as are some of the future directions for X-ray line profile modelling of colliding wind binaries.
Motivated by recent detections by the XMM and Chandra satellites of X-ray line emission from hot, luminous stars, we present synthetic line profiles for X-rays emitted within parameterized models of a hot-star wind. The X-ray line emission is taken to occur at a sharply defined co-moving-frame resonance wavelength, which is Doppler-shifted by a stellar wind outflow parameterized by a `beta velocity law, $v(r)=v_{infty} (1-R_{ast}/r)^beta$. Above some initial onset radius $R_o$ for X-ray emission, the radial variation of the emission filling factor is assumed to decline as a power-law in radius, $f(r) sim r^{-q}$. The computed emission profiles also account for continuum absorption within the wind, with the overall strength characterized by a cumulative optical depth $tau_ast$. In terms of a wavelength shift from line-center scaled in units of the wind terminal speed $v_{infty}$, we present normalized X-ray line profiles for various combinations of the parameters $beta$, $tau_ast$, $q$ and $R_o$, and including also the effect of instrumental broadening as characterized by a Gaussian with a parameterized width $sigma$. We discuss the implications for interpreting observed hot-star X-ray spectra, with emphasis on signatures for discriminating between ``coronal and ``wind-shock scenarios. In particular, we note that in profiles observed so far the substantial amount of emission longward of line center will be difficult to reconcile with the expected attenuation by the wind and stellar core in either a wind-shock or coronal model.
In colliding-wind binaries, shocks accelerate a fraction of the electrons up to relativistic speeds. These electrons then emit synchrotron radiation at radio wavelengths. Whether or not we detect this radiation depends on the size of the free-free absorption region in the stellar winds of both components. One expects long-period binaries to be detectable, but not the short-period ones. It was therefore surprising to find that Cyg OB2 No. 8A (P = 21.9 d) does show variability locked with orbital phase. To investigate this, we developed a model for the relativistic electron generation (including cooling and advection) and the radiative transfer of the synchrotron emission through the stellar wind. Using this model, we show that the synchrotron emitting region in Cyg OB2 No. 8A does extend far enough beyond the free-free absorption region to generate orbit-locked variability in the radio flux. This model can also be applied to other non-thermal emitters and will prove useful in interpreting observations from future surveys, such as COBRaS - the Cyg OB2 Radio Survey.
Context: Colliding wind binaries (CWBs) are thought to give rise to a plethora of physical processes including acceleration and interaction of relativistic particles. Observation of synchrotron radiation in the radio band confirms there is a relativistic electron population in CWBs. Accordingly, CWBs have been suspected sources of high-energy gamma-ray emission since the COS-B era. Theoretical models exist that characterize the underlying physical processes leading to particle acceleration and quantitatively predict the non-thermal energy emission observable at Earth. Aims: We strive to find evidence of gamma-ray emission from a sample of seven CWB systems: WR 11, WR 70, WR 125, WR 137, WR 140, WR 146, and WR 147. Theoretical modelling identified these systems as the most favourable candidates for emitting gamma-rays. We make a comparison with existing gamma-ray flux predictions and investigate possible constraints. Methods: We used 24 months of data from the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on-board the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope to perform a dedicated likelihood analysis of CWBs in the LAT energy range. Results: We find no evidence of gamma-ray emission from any of the studied CWB systems and determine corresponding flux upper limits. For some CWBs the interplay of orbital and stellar parameters renders the Fermi-LAT data not sensitive enough to constrain the parameter space of the emission models. In the cases of WR140 and WR147, the Fermi-LAT upper limits appear to rule out some model predictions entirely and constrain theoretical models over a significant parameter space. A comparison of our findings to the CWB eta Car is made.
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