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We have studied globular cluster systems (GCSs) around elliptical galaxies in Hickson compact groups using multi-band deep, high quality images from Keck, VLT and CFHT. Analyzing the luminosity functions, specific frequencies, color and spatial distributions, we could determine the properties of the GCSs of those galaxies and trace their star formation histories. We have found poor populations, concentrated toward the center of the galaxies, with bimodal color distributions. The study of GCSs around galaxies in small groups are a blank on the globular cluster literature.
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We have obtained deep photometry of NGC 1199 (in HCG 22) and NGC 6868 (in the Telescopium group). Both galaxies are the optically brightest galaxies of their groups. Our analysis of B and R images taken with the Keck II and the VLT/ESO telescopes, detected a population of globular clusters around both galaxies, with total specific frequencies S_N=1.7pm0.6 for NGC 1199 and S_N = 1.3pm0.6 for NGC 6868. The color distributions of the globular cluster systems shows bimodal peaks centered at (B-R)_0 = 1.13pm0.10 and 1.42pm0.10 (NGC 1199) and (B-R)_0=1.12pm0.10 and 1.42pm0.10 (NGC 6868).
We have obtained deep photometry of NGC 1199 (in the compact group HCG 22) and NGC 6868 (in the Telescopium loose group) with the Keck II and the VLT-I telescopes. Both galaxies are the optically brightest galaxy of their groups. NGC 1199 has two companion galaxies at a median projected distance of only 33 kpc and, based in its peculiar internal structure and large X-ray halo, NGC 6868 has been proposed to be a merger remnant. Our analysis of $B$ and $R$ images uncovered a population of globular clusters around both galaxies, with total (and local) specific frequency S_N = 3.6pm1.8 (3.4pm1.5) for NGC 1199 and S_N = 1.8pm1.1 (0.8pm0.4) for NGC 6868. The radial profile of the globulars of NGC 1199 follows the light distribution of the galaxy and can be fitted by a power--law and a ``core model with a very steep slope (alpha = 2.5pm0.3). In the case of NGC 6868, the profile of the globulars is well fitted by a power--law and a ``core model profile of slope 1.4pm0.3 and is shallower than the galaxy light distribution. Maximum-likelihood fitting of two Gaussians to the globular cluster color distribution yields a high significance for multi-modality with peaks centered at (B-R)_0 = 1.13pm0.04 and 1.42pm0.04 (NGC 1199) and (B-R)_0=1.12pm0.07 and 1.42pm0.07 (NGC 6868). NGC 1199 and NGC 6868 are good examples of galaxies where the group environment are likely to have affected their dynamical evolution. We find that for NGC 1199, the properties of the globular cluster system are similar to those for other systems around external elliptical galaxies located in less dense environments, but with a very steep radial profile. In the case of NGC 6868, we find a regular radial profile and color distribution and a comparatively low specific frequency for the globular cluster system of the galaxy.
Recent HST/ACS images of M82 covering the entire galaxy have been used to detect star clusters. The galaxy is known to contain a young population (age < 10 Myr) in its starburst nucleus, surrounded by a post-starburst disk of age < 1 Gyr. We detect more than 650 star clusters in this galaxy, nearly 400 of them in the post-starburst disk. These data have been used to derive the luminosity, mass and size functions separately for the young nuclear, and intermediate-age disk clusters. In this contribution, we discuss the evolutionary status of these clusters, especially, on the chances of some of these clusters surviving to become old globular clusters.
We study the compact binary population in star clusters, focusing on binaries containing black holes, using a self-consistent Monte Carlo treatment of dynamics and full stellar evolution. We find that the black holes experience strong mass segregation and become centrally concentrated. In the core the black holes interact strongly with each other and black hole-black hole binaries are formed very efficiently. The strong interactions, however, also destroy or eject the black hole-black hole binaries. We find no black hole-black hole mergers within our simulations but produce many hard escapers that will merge in the galactic field within a Hubble time. We also find several highly eccentric black hole-black hole binaries that are potential LISA sources, suggesting that star clusters are interesting targets for space-based detectors. We conclude that star clusters must be taken into account when predicting compact binary population statistics.
We present the first light curve analysis of Population II novae that appeared in M31 globular clusters. Our light curve models, based on the optically thick wind theory, reproduce well both the X-ray turn-on and turnoff times with the white dwarf (WD) mass of about 1.2 Mo for M31N 2007-06b in Bol 111 and about 1.37 Mo for M31N 2010-10f in Bol 126. The transient supersoft X-ray source CXO J004345 in Bol 194 is highly likely a nova remnant of 1.2 -- 1.3 Mo WD. These WD masses are quite consistent with the temperatures deduced from X-ray spectra. We also present the dependence of nova light curves on the metallicity in the range from [Fe/H]=0.4 to -2.7. Whereas strong optically thick winds are accelerated in Galactic disk novae owing to a large Fe opacity peak, only weak winds occur in Population II novae with low Fe abundance. Thus, nova light curves are systematically slow in low Fe environment. For an extremely low Fe abundance normal nova outbursts may not occur unless the WD is very massive. We encourage V or y filter observation rather than R as well as high cadence X-ray monitorings to open quantitative studies of extragalactic novae.
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