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Register a new userParallax Microlensing Events in the OGLE II Database Toward the Galactic Bulge
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We present a systematic search for parallax microlensing events among a total of 512 microlensing candidates in the OGLE II database for the 1997-1999 seasons. We fit each microlensing candidate with both the standard microlensing model and also a parallax model that accounts for the Earths motion around the Sun. We then search for the parallax signature by comparing the chi^2 of the standard and parallax models. For the events which show a significant improvement, we further use the `duration of the event and the signal-to-noise ratio as criteria to separate true parallax events from other noisy microlensing events. We have discovered one convincing new candidate, sc33_4505, and seven other marginal cases. The convincing candidate (sc33_4505) is caused by a slow-moving, and likely low-mass, object, similar to other known parallax events. We found that irregular sampling and gaps between observing seasons hamper the recovery of parallax events. We have also searched for long-duration events that do not show parallax signatures. The lack of parallax effects in a microlensing event puts a lower-limit on the Einstein radius projected onto the observer plane, which in turn imposes a lower limit on the lens mass divided by the relative lens-source parallax. Most of the constraints are however quite weak.
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Perhaps as many as 30 parallax microlensing events are known, thanks to the efforts of the MACHO, OGLE, EROS and MOA experiments monitoring the bulge. Using Galactic models, we construct mock catalogues of microlensing light curves towards the bulge, allowing for the uneven sampling and observational error bars of the OGLE-II experiment. The fraction of parallax events with delta chi^2 > 50 in the OGLE-II database is around ~1%, though higher fractions are reported by some other surveys. This is in accord with expectations from standard Galactic models. The fraction of parallax events depends strongly on the Einstein crossing time (t_E), being less than 5% at t_E = 50 days but rising to 50% at t_E > 1 yr. We find that the existence of parallax signatures is essentially controlled by the acceleration of the observer normalised to the projected Einstein radius on the observer plane divided by t_E^2. The properties of the parallax events - time-scales, projected velocities, source and lens locations - in our mock catalogues are analysed. Typically, ~38% of parallax events are caused by a disk star microlensing a bulge source, while ~33% are caused by a disk star microlensing a disk source (of these disk sources, one sixth are at a distance of 5 kpc or less). There is a significant shift in mean time-scale from 32 d for all events to ~130d for our parallax events. There are corresponding shifts for other parameters, such as the lens-source velocity projected onto the observer plane (~1110 km/s for all events versus ~80 km/s for parallax events) and the lens distance (6.7 kpc versus 3.7 kpc). We also assess the performance of parallax mass estimators and investigate whether our mock catalogue can reproduce events with features similar to a number of conjectured `black hole lens candidates.
We present a measurement of the microlensing optical depth toward the Galactic Bulge based on 4 years of the OGLE-II survey using Red Clump Giant (RCG). Using 32 events we find tau=2.55_{-0.46}^{+0.57}* 10^{-6} at (l,b)=(1.16, -2.75). Taking into account the measured gradient along the Galactic latitude b, tau = [ (4.48+/- 2.37) + (0.78+/- 0.84)* b]* 10^{-6}, this value is consistent with previous measurements using RCG sources and recent theoretical predictions. We determine the microlensing parameters and select events using a model light curve with the flux blending. We find that ~38% of the OGLE-II events which appear to have RCG sources are actually due to much fainter stars blended with a bright companion. We show explicitly that model fits without blending result in similar tau estimates through partial cancellation of contributions from higher detection efficiency, underestimated time-scales and larger number of selected events. This approach, however, leads to biased time-scale distributions and event rates. Consequently, microlensing studies should carefully consider source confusion effects even for bright stars.
We present a sample of microlensing events discovered in the Difference Image Analysis (DIA) of the OGLE-II images collected during 3 observing seasons, 1997--1999. 4424 light curves pass our criteria on the presence of a brightening episode on top of a constant baseline. Among those, 512 candidate microlensing events were selected visually. We designed an automated procedure, which unambiguously selects up to 237 best events. Including 8 candidate events recovered by other means, a total of 520 light curves are presented in this work. In addition to microlensing events, the larger sample contains certain types of transients, but is also strongly contaminated by artifacts. All 4424 light curves in the weakly filtered group are available electronically, with the intent of showing the gray zone between microlensing events and variable stars, as well as artifacts, to some extent inevitable in massive data reductions. We welcome suggestions for improving the selection process before the full analysis of complete 4 seasons of the OGLE-II bulge data. Selection criteria for binary events can also be investigated with our extended sample.
We report the mass and distance measurements of two single-lens events from the 2017 Spitzer microlensing campaign. The ground-based observations yield the detection of finite-source effects, and the microlens parallaxes are derived from the joint analysis of ground-based observations and Spitzer observations. We find that the lens of OGLE-2017-BLG-1254 is a $0.60 pm 0.03 M_{odot}$ star with $D_{rm LS} = 0.53 pm 0.11~text{kpc}$, where $D_{rm LS}$ is the distance between the lens and the source. The second event, OGLE-2017-BLG-1161, is subject to the known satellite parallax degeneracy, and thus is either a $0.51^{+0.12}_{-0.10} M_{odot}$ star with $D_{rm LS} = 0.40 pm 0.12~text{kpc}$ or a $0.38^{+0.13}_{-0.12} M_{odot}$ star with $D_{rm LS} = 0.53 pm 0.19~text{kpc}$. Both of the lenses are therefore isolated stars in the Galactic bulge. By comparing the mass and distance distributions of the eight published Spitzer finite-source events with the expectations from a Galactic model, we find that the Spitzer sample is in agreement with the probability of finite-source effects occurrence in single lens events.
We present the discovery and statistical analysis of $12;660$ spotted variable stars toward and inside the Galactic bulge from over two-decade-long Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) data. We devise a new method of dereddening of individual stars toward the Galactic bulge where strong and highly nonuniform extinction is present. In effect, $11;812$ stars were classified as giants and $848$ as dwarfs. Well defined correlations between the luminosity, variability amplitude and rotation period were found for the giants. Rapidly rotating dwarfs with periods $P leq 2$ d show I-band amplitudes lower than 0.2 mag which is substantially less than the amplitudes of up to 0.8 mag observed in giants and slowly rotating dwarfs. We also notice that amplitudes of stars brighter than $I_0 approx 16$ mag do not exceed 0.3-0.4 mag. We divide the stars into three groups characterized by correlation between light and color variations. The positive correlation is characteristic for stars that are cooler when fainter, which results from the variable coverage of the stellar surface with spots similar to the sunspots. The variability of stars that are cooler when brighter (negative correlation) can be characterized by chemical spots with overabundance of heavy elements inside and variable line-blanketing effect, which is observed in chemically peculiar stars. The null correlation may results from very high level of the magnetic activity with rapidly variable magnetic fields. This division is readily visible on the color-magnitude diagram (CMD), which suggests that it may depend on the radius of the stars. We detect 79 flaring objects and discuss briefly their properties. Among others, we find that relative brightening during flares is correlated with brightness amplitude.
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