No Arabic abstract
We report multi-epoch VLA H I absorption observations of the source 1741-038 (OT-068) before and during an extreme scattering event (ESE). Observations at four epochs, three during the ESE, were obtained. We find no changes in the equivalent width, maximum optical depth, or velocity of maximum optical depth during the ESE, but we do find a secular trend of decreasing maximum optical depth between our observations and ones by other observers a decade prior. The resulting limit on the H I column density change during the ESE for a structure with a spin temperature T_s is 6.4 x 10^{17} cm^{-2} (T_s/10 K). Tiny-scale atomic structures (TSAS), with a column density N_H ~ 3 x 10^{18} cm^{-2}, are ruled out marginally by this limit, though geometric arguments may allow this limit to be relaxed. Galactic halo molecular clouds, that are opaque in the H I line, cannot be excluded because the observed velocity range covers only 25% of their allowed velocity range.
Recent high spatial and spectral resolution investigations of the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) have found significant evidence for small-scale variations in the interstellar gas on scales less than or equal to 1 pc. To better understand the nature of small-scale variations in the ISM, we have used the KPNO WIYN Hydra multi-object spectrograph, which has a mapping advantage over the single-axis, single-scale limitations of studies using high proper motion stars and binary stars, to obtain moderate resolution (~12 km/s) interstellar Na I D absorption spectra of 172 stars toward the double open cluster h and Chi Persei. All of the sightlines toward the 150 stars with spectra that reveal absorption from the Perseus spiral arm show different interstellar Na I D absorption profiles in the Perseus arm gas. Additionally, we have utilized the KPNO Coude Feed spectrograph to obtain high-resolution (~3 km/s) interstellar Na I D absorption spectra of 24 of the brighter stars toward h and Chi Per. These spectra reveal an even greater complexity in the interstellar Na I D absorption in the Perseus arm gas and show individual components changing in number, velocity, and strength from sightline to sightline. If each of these individual velocity components represents an isolated cloud, then it would appear that the ISM of the Perseus arm gas consists of many small clouds. Although the absorption profiles vary even on the smallest scales probed by these high-resolution data (~30;~0.35pc), our analysis reveals that some interstellar Na I D absorption components from sightline to sightline are related, implying that the ISM toward h and Chi Per is probably comprised of sheets of gas in which we detect variations due to differences in the local physical conditions of the gas.
The image of the emission surrounding the black hole in the center of the Milky Way is predicted to exhibit the imprint of general relativistic (GR) effects, including the existence of a shadow feature and a photon ring of diameter ~50 microarcseconds. Structure on these scales can be resolved by millimeter-wavelength very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). However, strong-field GR features of interest will be blurred at lambda >= 1.3 mm due to scattering by interstellar electrons. The scattering properties are well understood over most of the relevant range of baseline lengths, suggesting that the scattering may be (mostly) invertible. We simulate observations of a model image of Sgr A* and demonstrate that the effects of scattering can indeed be mitigated by correcting the visibilities before reconstructing the image. This technique is also applicable to Sgr A* at longer wavelengths.
We report a Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) search for redshifted CO(1-0) or CO(2-1) emission, and a Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera~3 (HST-WFC3) search for rest-frame near-ultraviolet (NUV) stellar emission, from seven HI-selected galaxies associated with high-metallicity ([M/H]~$geq -1.3$) damped Ly$alpha$ absorbers (DLAs) at $zapprox 4$. The galaxies were earlier identified by ALMA imaging of their [CII]~158$mu$m emission. We also used the JVLA to search for CO(2-1) emission from the field of a low-metallicity ([M/H]~$=-2.47$) DLA at $zapprox 4.8$. No statistically significant CO emission is detected from any of the galaxies, yielding upper limits of $M_{mol}<(7.4 - 17.9)times 10^{10}times (alpha_{CO}/4.36) M_odot$ on their molecular gas mass. We detect rest-frame NUV emission from four of the seven [CII]~158$mu$m-emitting galaxies, the first detections of the stellar continuum from HI-selected galaxies at $zgtrsim 4$. The HST-WFC3 images yield typical sizes of the stellar continua of $approx 2-4$~kpc and inferred dust-unobscured star-formation rates (SFRs) of $approx 5.0-17.5 M_odot$/yr, consistent with, or slightly lower than, the total SFRs estimated from the far-infrared (FIR) luminosity. We further stacked the CO(2-1) emission signals of six [CII]~158$mu$m-emitting galaxies in the image plane. Our non-detection of CO(2-1) emission in the stacked image yields the limit $M_{mol}<4.1 times 10^{10}times (alpha_{CO}/4.36) M_odot$ on the average molecular gas mass of the six galaxies. Our molecular gas mass estimates and NUV SFR estimates in HI-selected galaxies at $zapprox 4$ are consistent with those of main-sequence galaxies with similar [CII]~158$mu$m and FIR luminosities at similar redshifts. However, the NUV emission in the HI-selected galaxies appears more extended than that in main-sequence galaxies at similar redshifts.
Extreme scattering events (ESEs) are distinctive fluctuations in the brightness of astronomical radio sources caused by occulting plasma lenses in the interstellar medium. The inferred plasma pressures of the lenses are $sim 10^3$ times the ambient pressure, challenging our understanding of gas conditions in the Milky Way. Using a new survey technique, we have discovered an ESE while it was in progress. We report radio and optical follow-up observations. Modelling of the radio data demonstrates that the lensing structure is a density enhancement and that the lens is diverging, ruling out one of two competing physical models. Our technique will uncover many more ESEs, addressing a long-standing mystery of the small-scale gas structure of the Galaxy.
We propose an explanation to the puzzling appearance of a wide blue absorption wing in the He I 10830A P-Cygni profile of the massive binary star Eta Carinae several months before periastron passage. Our basic assumption is that the colliding winds region is responsible for the blue wing absorption. By fitting observations, we find that the maximum outflow velocity of this absorbing material is ~2300 km/s. We also assume that the secondary star is toward the observer at periastron passage. With a toy-model we achieve two significant results. (1) We show that the semimajor axis orientation we use can account for the appearance and evolution of the wide blue wing under our basic assumption. (2) We predict that the Doppler shift (the edge of the absorption profile) will reach a maximum 0-3 weeks before periastron passage, and not necessarily exactly at periastron passage or after periastron passage.