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Register a new userColor confinement, dark matter and the missing of anti-matter
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P. Wang
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QCD is the fundamental theory to describe the strong interaction, where quarks and gluons have the color degrees of freedom. However, a single quark or gluon can not be separated out and all observable particles are color singlet states. Color confinement or quark confinement conjecture can be proved by considering not only the strong interaction but also the electroweak interaction which is $SU(3)_c$ invariant. Any measurable state has to be color singlet is the direct consequence of the common symmetry of the standard model. Color non-singlet objects are created from the big bang when the interaction breaks $SU(3)_c$ symmetry based on the nonlocal Lagrangian. There is nearly no interaction between colored objects and color singlet universe when the momentum transfer is not large enough. Colored objects are reasonable candidates of dark matter and the missing of anti-matter in the universe can also be easily explained. Dark matter can be produced in the laboratory which can be tested by measuring the energy loss and baryon number change in the extremely high energy collisions of particles and anti-particles.
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Recently, the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum was proposed as alternative to the dark matter paradigm. In the present paper we consider four benchmark measurements: the universality of the central surface density of galaxy dark matter haloes, the cored dark matter haloes in dwarf spheroidal galaxies, the non-existence of dark disks in spiral galaxies and distribution of dark matter after collision of clusters of galaxies (the Bullet cluster is a famous example). Only some of these phenomena (but not all of them) can (in principle) be explained by the dark matter and the theories of modified gravity. However, we argue that the framework of the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum allows the understanding of the totality of these phenomena.
We suggest that the eventual gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter may be a key for understanding of the nature of dark matter and dark energy. If there is gravitational repulsion, virtual particle-antiparticle pairs in the vacuum, may be considered as gravitational dipoles. We use a simple toy model to reveal a first indication that the gravitational polarization of such a vacuum, caused by baryonic matter in a Galaxy, may produce the same effect as supposed existence of dark matter. In addition, we argue that cancellation of gravitational charges in virtual particle-antiparticle pairs, may be a basis for a solution of the cosmological constant problem and identification of dark energy with vacuum energy. Hence, it may be that dark matter and dark energy are not new, unknown forms of matter-energy but an effect of complex interaction between quantum vacuum and known baryonic matter.
A quantum field theory has finite zero-point energy if the sum over all boson modes $b$ of the $n$th power of the boson mass $ m_b^n $ equals the sum over all fermion modes $f$ of the $n$th power of the fermion mass $ m_f^n $ for $n= 0$, 2, and 4. The zero-point energy of a theory that satisfies these three conditions with otherwise random masses is huge compared to the density of dark energy. But if in addition to satisfying these conditions, the sum of $m_b^4 log m_b/mu$ over all boson modes $b$ equals the sum of $ m_f^4 log m_f/mu $ over all fermion modes $f$, then the zero-point energy of the theory is zero. The value of the mass parameter $mu$ is irrelevant in view of the third condition ($n=4$). The particles of the standard model do not remotely obey any of these four conditions. But an inclusive theory that describes the particles of the standard model, the particles of dark matter, and all particles that have not yet been detected might satisfy all four conditions if pseudomasses are associated with the mean values in the vacuum of the divergences of the interactions of the inclusive model. Dark energy then would be the finite potential energy of the inclusive theory.
The nature of dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) which is supposed to constitute about 95% of the energy density of the universe is still a mystery. There is no shortage of ideas regarding the nature of both. While some candidates for DM are clearly ruled out, there is still a plethora of viable particles that fit the bill. In the context of DE, while current observations favour a cosmological constant picture, there are other competing models that are equally likely. This paper reviews the different possible candidates for DM including exotic candidates and their possible detection. This review also covers the different models for DE and the possibility of unified models for DM and DE. Keeping in mind the negative results in some of the ongoing DM detection experiments, here we also review the possible alternatives to both DM and DE (such as MOND and modifications of general relativity) and possible means of observationally distinguishing between the alternatives.
In this paper, we discuss the equation of state for nonlinear spinor gases in the context of cosmology. The mean energy momentum tensor is similar to that of the prefect fluid, but an additional function of state $W$ is introduced to describe the nonlinear potential. The equation of state $w(a)lesssim -1$ in the early universe is calculated, which provides a natural explanation for the negative pressure of dark matter and dark energy. $W$ may be also the main origin of the cosmological constant $Lambda$. So the nonlinear spinor gases may be a candidate for dark matter and dark energy.
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