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Register a new userBlockchains through ontologies: the case study of the Ethereum ERC721 standard in OASIS (Extended Version)
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Added by
Daniele Francesco Santamaria
Publication date
2021
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Blockchains are gaining momentum due to the interest of industries and people in emph{decentralized applications} (Dapps), particularly in those for trading assets through digital certificates secured on blockchain, called tokens. As a consequence, providing a clear unambiguous description of any activities carried out on blockchains has become crucial, and we feel the urgency to achieve that description at least for trading. This paper reports on how to leverage the emph{Ontology for Agents, Systems, and Integration of Services} (ONT{}) as a general means for the semantic representation of smart contracts stored on blockchain as software agents. Special attention is paid to non-fungible tokens (NFTs), whose management through the ERC721 standard is presented as a case study.
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In this contribution we extend an ontology for modelling agents and their interactions, called Ontology for Agents, Systems, and Integration of Services (in short, OASIS), with conditionals and ontological smart contracts (in short, OSCs). OSCs are ontological representations of smart contracts that allow to establish responsibilities and authorizations among agents and set agreements, whereas conditionals allow one to restrict and limit agent interactions, define activation mechanisms that trigger agent actions, and define constraints and contract terms on OSCs. Conditionals and OSCs, as defined in OASIS, are applied to extend with ontological capabilities digital public ledgers such as the blockchain and smart contracts implemented on it. We will also sketch the architecture of a framework based on the OASIS definition of OSCs that exploits the Ethereum platform and the Interplanetary File System.
The iterative conditional branchings appear in various sensitive algorithms, like the modular exponentiation in the RSA cryptosystem or the scalar multiplication in ellipticcurve cryptography. In this paper, we abstract away the desirable security properties achieved by the Montgomery ladder, and formalize systems of equations necessary to obtain what we call the semi-interleaved and fully-interleaved ladder properties. This fruitful approach allows us to design novel fault-injection attacks, able to obtain some/all bits of the secret against different ladders, including the common Montgomery ladder. We also demonstrate the generality of our approach by applying the ladder equations to the modular exponentiation and the scalar multiplication, both in the semi-and fully-interleaved cases, thus proposing novel and more secure algorithms.
The error-correction code based proof-of-work (ECCPoW) algorithm is based on a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code. The ECCPoW is possible to impair ASIC with its time-varying capability of the parameters of LDPC code. Previous researches on the ECCPoW algorithm have presented its theory and implementation on Bitcoin. But they do not discuss how stable the block generation time is. A finite mean block generation time (BGT) and none heavy-tail BGT distribution are the ones of the focus in this study. In the ECCPoW algorithm, BGT may show a long-tailed distribution due to time-varying cryptographic puzzles. Thus, it is of interest to see if the BGT distribution is not heavy-tailed and if it shows a finite mean. If the distribution is heavy-tailed, then confirmation of a transaction cannot be guaranteed. We present implementation, simulation, and validation of ECCPoW Ethereum. In implementation, we explain how the ECCPoW algorithm is integrated into Ethereum 1.0 as a new consensus algorithm. In the simulation, we perform a multinode simulation to show that the ECCPoW Ethereum works well with automatic difficulty change. In the validation, we present the statistical results of the two-sample Anderson-Darling test to show that the distribution of BGT satisfies the necessary condition of the exponential distribution. Our implementation is downloadable at https://github.com/cryptoecc/ETH-ECC.
In this report, we present an approach to enhance informed consent for the processing of personal data. The approach relies on a privacy policy language used to express, compare and analyze privacy policies. We describe a tool that automatically reports the privacy risks associated with a given privacy policy in order to enhance data subjects awareness and to allow them to make more informed choices. The risk analysis of privacy policies is illustrated with an IoT example.
DNS has always been criticized for its inherent design flaws, making the system vulnerable to kinds of attacks. Besides, DNS domain names are not fully controlled by the users, which can be easily taken down by the authorities and registrars. Since blockchain has its unique properties like immutability and decentralization, it seems to be promising to build a decentralized name service on blockchain. Ethereum Name Service (ENS), as a novel name service built atop Etheruem, has received great attention from the community. Yet, no existing work has systematically studied this emerging system, especially the security issues and misbehaviors in ENS. To fill the void, we present the first large-scale study of ENS by collecting and analyzing millions of event logs related to ENS. We characterize the ENS system from a number of perspectives. Our findings suggest that ENS is showing gradually popularity during its four years evolution, mainly due to its distributed and open nature that ENS domain names can be set to any kinds of records, even censored and malicious contents. We have identified several security issues and misbehaviors including traditional DNS security issues and new issues introduced by ENS smart contracts. Attackers are abusing the system with thousands of squatting ENS names, a number of scam blockchain addresses and malicious websites, etc. Our exploration suggests that our community should invest more effort into the detection and mitigation of issues in Blockchain-based Name Services towards building an open and trustworthy name service.
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