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Register a new userSparse principal component analysis for high-dimensional stationary time series
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Added by
Kou Fujimori
Publication date
2021
fields
Mathematical Statistics
and research's language is
English
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We consider the sparse principal component analysis for high-dimensional stationary processes. The standard principal component analysis performs poorly when the dimension of the process is large. We establish the oracle inequalities for penalized principal component estimators for the processes including heavy-tailed time series. The rate of convergence of the estimators is established. We also elucidate the theoretical rate for choosing the tuning parameter in penalized estimators. The performance of the sparse principal component analysis is demonstrated by numerical simulations. The utility of the sparse principal component analysis for time series data is exemplified by the application to average temperature data.
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Fan et al. [$mathit{Annals}$ $mathit{of}$ $mathit{Statistics}$ $textbf{47}$(6) (2019) 3009-3031] proposed a distributed principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm to significantly reduce the communication cost between multiple servers. In this paper, we robustify their distributed algorithm by using robust covariance matrix estimators respectively proposed by Minsker [$mathit{Annals}$ $mathit{of}$ $mathit{Statistics}$ $textbf{46}$(6A) (2018) 2871-2903] and Ke et al. [$mathit{Statistical}$ $mathit{Science}$ $textbf{34}$(3) (2019) 454-471] instead of the sample covariance matrix. We extend the deviation bound of robust covariance estimators with bounded fourth moments to the case of the heavy-tailed distribution under only bounded $2+epsilon$ moments assumption. The theoretical results show that after the shrinkage or truncation treatment for the sample covariance matrix, the statistical error rate of the final estimator produced by the robust algorithm is the same as that of sub-Gaussian tails, when $epsilon geq 2$ and the sampling distribution is symmetric innovation. While $2 > epsilon >0$, the rate with respect to the sample size of each server is slower than that of the bounded fourth moment assumption. Extensive numerical results support the theoretical analysis, and indicate that the algorithm performs better than the original distributed algorithm and is robust to heavy-tailed data and outliers.
Let $X$ be a mean zero Gaussian random vector in a separable Hilbert space ${mathbb H}$ with covariance operator $Sigma:={mathbb E}(Xotimes X).$ Let $Sigma=sum_{rgeq 1}mu_r P_r$ be the spectral decomposition of $Sigma$ with distinct eigenvalues $mu_1>mu_2> dots$ and the corresponding spectral projectors $P_1, P_2, dots.$ Given a sample $X_1,dots, X_n$ of size $n$ of i.i.d. copies of $X,$ the sample covariance operator is defined as $hat Sigma_n := n^{-1}sum_{j=1}^n X_jotimes X_j.$ The main goal of principal component analysis is to estimate spectral projectors $P_1, P_2, dots$ by their empirical counterparts $hat P_1, hat P_2, dots$ properly defined in terms of spectral decomposition of the sample covariance operator $hat Sigma_n.$ The aim of this paper is to study asymptotic distributions of important statistics related to this problem, in particular, of statistic $|hat P_r-P_r|_2^2,$ where $|cdot|_2^2$ is the squared Hilbert--Schmidt norm. This is done in a high-complexity asymptotic framework in which the so called effective rank ${bf r}(Sigma):=frac{{rm tr}(Sigma)}{|Sigma|_{infty}}$ (${rm tr}(cdot)$ being the trace and $|cdot|_{infty}$ being the operator norm) of the true covariance $Sigma$ is becoming large simultaneously with the sample size $n,$ but ${bf r}(Sigma)=o(n)$ as $ntoinfty.$ In this setting, we prove that, in the case of one-dimensional spectral projector $P_r,$ the properly centered and normalized statistic $|hat P_r-P_r|_2^2$ with {it data-dependent} centering and normalization converges in distribution to a Cauchy type limit. The proofs of this and other related results rely on perturbation analysis and Gaussian concentration.
Functional data analysis on nonlinear manifolds has drawn recent interest. Sphere-valued functional data, which are encountered for example as movement trajectories on the surface of the earth, are an important special case. We consider an intrinsic principal component analysis for smooth Riemannian manifold-valued functional data and study its asymptotic properties. Riemannian functional principal component analysis (RFPCA) is carried out by first mapping the manifold-valued data through Riemannian logarithm maps to tangent spaces around the time-varying Frechet mean function, and then performing a classical multivariate functional principal component analysis on the linear tangent spaces. Representations of the Riemannian manifold-valued functions and the eigenfunctions on the original manifold are then obtained with exponential maps. The tangent-space approximation through functional principal component analysis is shown to be well-behaved in terms of controlling the residual variation if the Riemannian manifold has nonnegative curvature. Specifically, we derive a central limit theorem for the mean function, as well as root-$n$ uniform convergence rates for other model components, including the covariance function, eigenfunctions, and functional principal component scores. Our applications include a novel framework for the analysis of longitudinal compositional data, achieved by mapping longitudinal compositional data to trajectories on the sphere, illustrated with longitudinal fruit fly behavior patterns. RFPCA is shown to be superior in terms of trajectory recovery in comparison to an unrestricted functional principal component analysis in applications and simulations and is also found to produce principal component scores that are better predictors for classification compared to traditional functional functional principal component scores.
This paper deals with the factor modeling for high-dimensional time series based on a dimension-reduction viewpoint. Under stationary settings, the inference is simple in the sense that both the number of factors and the factor loadings are estimated in terms of an eigenanalysis for a nonnegative definite matrix, and is therefore applicable when the dimension of time series is on the order of a few thousands. Asymptotic properties of the proposed method are investigated under two settings: (i) the sample size goes to infinity while the dimension of time series is fixed; and (ii) both the sample size and the dimension of time series go to infinity together. In particular, our estimators for zero-eigenvalues enjoy faster convergence (or slower divergence) rates, hence making the estimation for the number of factors easier. In particular, when the sample size and the dimension of time series go to infinity together, the estimators for the eigenvalues are no longer consistent. However, our estimator for the number of the factors, which is based on the ratios of the estimated eigenvalues, still works fine. Furthermore, this estimation shows the so-called blessing of dimensionality property in the sense that the performance of the estimation may improve when the dimension of time series increases. A two-step procedure is investigated when the factors are of different degrees of strength. Numerical illustration with both simulated and real data is also reported.
The problem of constructing a simultaneous confidence band for the mean function of a locally stationary functional time series $ { X_{i,n} (t) }_{i = 1, ldots, n}$ is challenging as these bands can not be built on classical limit theory. On the one hand, for a fixed argument $t$ of the functions $ X_{i,n}$, the maximum absolute deviation between an estimate and the time dependent regression function exhibits (after appropriate standardization) an extreme value behaviour with a Gumbel distribution in the limit. On the other hand, for stationary functional data, simultaneous confidence bands can be built on classical central theorems for Banach space valued random variables and the limit distribution of the maximum absolute deviation is given by the sup-norm of a Gaussian process. As both limit theorems have different rates of convergence, they are not compatible, and a weak convergence result, which could be used for the construction of a confidence surface in the locally stationary case, does not exist. In this paper we propose new bootstrap methodology to construct a simultaneous confidence band for the mean function of a locally stationary functional time series, which is motivated by a Gaussian approximation for the maximum absolute deviation. We prove the validity of our approach by asymptotic theory, demonstrate good finite sample properties by means of a simulation study and illustrate its applicability analyzing a data example.
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