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A wide range of materials can exist in microscopically disordered solid forms, referred to as amorphous solids or glasses. Such materials -- oxide glasses and metallic glasses, to polymer glasses, and soft solids such as colloidal glasses, emulsions and granular packings -- are useful as structural materials in a variety of contexts. Their deformation and flow behaviour is relevant for many others. Apart from fundamental questions associated with the formation of these solids, comprehending their mechanical behaviour is thus of interest, and of significance for their use as materials. In particular, the nature of plasticity and yielding behaviour in amorphous solids has been actively investigated. Different amorphous solids exhibit behaviour that is apparently diverse and qualitatively different from those of crystalline materials. A goal of recent investigations has been to comprehend the unifying characteristics of amorphous plasticity and to understand the apparent differences among them. We summarise some of the recent progress in this direction. We focus on insights obtained from computer simulation studies, and in particular those employing oscillatory shear deformation of model glasses.
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Understanding the mechanical response and failure of solids is of obvious importance in their use as structural materials. The nature of plastic deformation leading to yielding of amorphous solids has been vigorously pursued in recent years. Investigations employing both unidirectional and cyclic deformation protocols reveal a strong dependence of yielding behaviour on the degree of annealing. Below a threshold degree of annealing, the nature of yielding changes qualitatively, to progressively more discontinuous yielding. Theoretical investigations of yielding in amorphous solids have almost exclusively focused on yielding under unidirectional deformation, but cyclic deformation reveals several interesting features that remain largely un-investigated. Focusing on athermal cyclic deformation, I investigate a family of models based on an energy landscape description. These models reproduce key interesting features observed in simulations, and provide an interpretation for the intriguing presence of a threshold energy.
Recently, ultrastable glasses have been created through vapor deposition. Subsequently, computer simulation algorithms have been proposed that mimic the vapor deposition process and result in simulated glasses with increased stability. In addition, random pinning has been used to generate very stable glassy configurations without the need for lengthy annealing or special algorithms inspired by vapor deposition. Kinetic and mechanical stability of experimental ultrastable glasses is compared to those of experimental glasses formed by cooling. We provide the basis for a similar comparison for simulated stable glasses: we analyze the kinetic and mechanical stability of simulated glasses formed by cooling at a constant rate by examining the transformation time to a liquid upon rapid re-heating, the inherent structure energies, and the shear modulus. The kinetic and structural stability increases slowly with decreasing cooling rate. The methods outlined here can be used to assess kinetic and mechanical stability of simulated glasses generated by using specialized algorithms.
Numerical Simulations are employed to create amorphous nano-films of a chosen thickness on a crystalline substrate which induces strain on the film. The films are grown by a vapor deposition technique which was recently developed to create very stable glassy films. Using the exact relations between the Hessian matrix and the shear and bulk moduli we explore the mechanical properties of the nano-films as a function of the density of the substrate and the film thickness. The existence of the substrate dominates the mechanical properties of the combined substrate-film system. Scaling concepts are then employed to achieve data collapse in a wide range of densities and film thicknesses.
Yield stress fluids display complex dynamics, in particular when driven into the transient regime between the solid and the flowing state. Inspired by creep experiments on dense amorphous materials, we implement mesocale elasto-plastic descriptions to analyze such transient dynamics in athermal systems. Both our mean-field and space-dependent approaches consistently reproduce the typical experimental strain rate responses to different applied steps in stress. Moreover, they allow us to understand basic processes involved in the strain rate slowing down (creep) and the strain rate acceleration (fluidization) phases. The fluidization time increases in a power-law fashion as the applied external stress approaches a static yield stress. This stress value is related to the stress over-shoot in shear start-up experiments, and it is known to depend on sample preparation and age. By calculating correlations of the accumulated plasticity in the spatially resolved model, we reveal different modes of cooperative motion during the creep dynamics.
The role of porous structure and glass density in response to compressive deformation of amorphous materials is investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. The disordered, porous structures were prepared by quenching a high-temperature binary mixture below the glass transition into the phase coexistence region. With decreasing average glass density, the pore morphology in quiescent samples varies from a random distribution of compact voids to a porous network embedded in a continuous glass phase. We find that during compressive loading at constant volume, the porous structure is linearly transformed in the elastic regime and the elastic modulus follows a power-law increase as a function of the average glass density. Upon further compression, pores deform significantly and coalesce into large voids leading to formation of domains with nearly homogeneous glass phase, which provides an enhanced resistance to deformation at high strain.
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