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Register a new userEDGES data as a signal of the Stueckelberg mechanism in the early universe
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The EDGES experiment shows a cooling of baryons at a redshift of $zsim 17$ with an amplitude of 500$_{-500}^{+200}$ mK at 99% C.L. which is a 3.8$sigma$ deviation from what the standard $Lambda$CDM cosmology gives. We present a particle physics model for the baryon cooling where a fraction of the dark matter resides in the hidden sector with a $U(1)$ gauge symmetry and a Stueckelberg mechanism operates mixing the visible and the hidden sectors with the hidden sector consisting of dark Dirac fermions and dark photons. The Stueckelberg mass mixing mechanism automatically generates a millicharge for the hidden sector dark fermions providing a theoretical basis for using millicharged dark matter to produce the desired cooling of baryons seen by EDGES by scattering from millicharged dark matter. We compute the relic density of the millicharged dark matter by solving a set of coupled equations for the dark fermion and dark photon yields and for the temperature ratio of the hidden sector and the visible sector heat baths. For the analysis of baryon cooling, we analyze the evolution equations for the temperatures of baryons and millicharged dark matter as a function of the redshift. We exhibit regions of the parameter space which allow consistency with the EDGES data. A confirmation of the EDGES effect will point to the possibility of the Stueckelberg mechanism operating at early epochs of the universe connecting the visible and hidden sectors.
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