We review and extend recent progress on the quantum description of near-extremal black holes in the language of effective quantum field theory. With black holes in Einstein-Maxwell theory as the main example, we derive the Schwarzian low energy description of the AdS$_2$ region from a spacetime point of view. We also give a concise formula for the symmetry breaking scale, we relate rotation to supersymmetry, and we discuss quantum corrections to black hole entropy.
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