No Arabic abstract
Recent research analyzing the sensitivity of natural language understanding models to word-order perturbations have shown that the state-of-the-art models in several language tasks may have a unique way to understand the text that could seldom be explained with conventional syntax and semantics. In this paper, we investigate the insensitivity of natural language models to word-order by quantifying perturbations and analysing their effect on neural models performance on language understanding tasks in GLUE benchmark. Towards that end, we propose two metrics - the Direct Neighbour Displacement (DND) and the Index Displacement Count (IDC) - that score the local and global ordering of tokens in the perturbed texts and observe that perturbation functions found in prior literature affect only the global ordering while the local ordering remains relatively unperturbed. We propose perturbations at the granularity of sub-words and characters to study the correlation between DND, IDC and the performance of neural language models on natural language tasks. We find that neural language models - pretrained and non-pretrained Transformers, LSTMs, and Convolutional architectures - require local ordering more so than the global ordering of tokens. The proposed metrics and the suite of perturbations allow a systematic way to study the (in)sensitivity of neural language understanding models to varying degree of perturbations.
We present two supervised (pre-)training methods to incorporate gloss definitions from lexical resources into neural language models (LMs). The training improves our models performance for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) but also benefits general language understanding tasks while adding almost no parameters. We evaluate our techniques with seven different neural LMs and find that XLNet is more suitable for WSD than BERT. Our best-performing methods exceeds state-of-the-art WSD techniques on the SemCor 3.0 dataset by 0.5% F1 and increase BERTs performance on the GLUE benchmark by 1.1% on average.
Recently, bidirectional recurrent network language models (bi-RNNLMs) have been shown to outperform standard, unidirectional, recurrent neural network language models (uni-RNNLMs) on a range of speech recognition tasks. This indicates that future word context information beyond the word history can be useful. However, bi-RNNLMs pose a number of challenges as they make use of the complete previous and future word context information. This impacts both training efficiency and their use within a lattice rescoring framework. In this paper these issues are addressed by proposing a novel neural network structure, succeeding word RNNLMs (su-RNNLMs). Instead of using a recurrent unit to capture the complete future word contexts, a feedforward unit is used to model a finite number of succeeding, future, words. This model can be trained much more efficiently than bi-RNNLMs and can also be used for lattice rescoring. Experimental results on a meeting transcription task (AMI) show the proposed model consistently outperformed uni-RNNLMs and yield only a slight degradation compared to bi-RNNLMs in N-best rescoring. Additionally, performance improvements can be obtained using lattice rescoring and subsequent confusion network decoding.
Neural networks are among the state-of-the-art techniques for language modeling. Existing neural language models typically map discrete words to distributed, dense vector representations. After information processing of the preceding context words by hidden layers, an output layer estimates the probability of the next word. Such approaches are time- and memory-intensive because of the large numbers of parameters for word embeddings and the output layer. In this paper, we propose to compress neural language models by sparse word representations. In the experiments, the number of parameters in our model increases very slowly with the growth of the vocabulary size, which is almost imperceptible. Moreover, our approach not only reduces the parameter space to a large extent, but also improves the performance in terms of the perplexity measure.
Neural language models trained with a predictive or masked objective have proven successful at capturing short and long distance syntactic dependencies. Here, we focus on verb argument structure in German, which has the interesting property that verb arguments may appear in a relatively free order in subordinate clauses. Therefore, checking that the verb argument structure is correct cannot be done in a strictly sequential fashion, but rather requires to keep track of the arguments cases irrespective of their orders. We introduce a new probing methodology based on minimal variation sets and show that both Transformers and LSTM achieve a score substantially better than chance on this test. As humans, they also show graded judgments preferring canonical word orders and plausible case assignments. However, we also found unexpected discrepancies in the strength of these effects, the LSTMs having difficulties rejecting ungrammatical sentences containing frequent argument structure types (double nominatives), and the Transformers tending to overgeneralize, accepting some infrequent word orders or implausible sentences that humans barely accept.
The neural language models (NLM) achieve strong generalization capability by learning the dense representation of words and using them to estimate probability distribution function. However, learning the representation of rare words is a challenging problem causing the NLM to produce unreliable probability estimates. To address this problem, we propose a method to enrich representations of rare words in pre-trained NLM and consequently improve its probability estimation performance. The proposed method augments the word embedding matrices of pre-trained NLM while keeping other parameters unchanged. Specifically, our method updates the embedding vectors of rare words using embedding vectors of other semantically and syntactically similar words. To evaluate the proposed method, we enrich the rare street names in the pre-trained NLM and use it to rescore 100-best hypotheses output from the Singapore English speech recognition system. The enriched NLM reduces the word error rate by 6% relative and improves the recognition accuracy of the rare words by 16% absolute as compared to the baseline NLM.