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The cyclic graph $Gamma(S)$ of a semigroup $S$ is the simple graph whose vertex set is $S$ and two vertices $x, y$ are adjacent if the subsemigroup generated by $x$ and $y$ is monogenic. In this paper, we classify the semigroup $S$ such that whose cyclic graph $Gamma(S)$ is complete, bipartite, tree, regular and a null graph, respectively. Further, we determine the clique number of $Gamma(S)$ for an arbitrary semigroup $S$. We obtain the independence number of $Gamma(S)$ if $S$ is a finite monogenic semigroup. At the final part of this paper, we give bounds for independence number of $Gamma(S)$ if $S$ is a semigroup of bounded exponent and we also characterize the semigroups attaining the bounds.
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The enhanced power graph $mathcal P_e(S)$ of a semigroup $S$ is a simple graph whose vertex set is $S$ and two vertices $x,y in S$ are adjacent if and only if $x, y in langle z rangle$ for some $z in S$, where $langle z rangle$ is the subsemigroup generated by $z$. In this paper, first we described the structure of $mathcal P_e(S)$ for an arbitrary semigroup $S$. Consequently, we discussed the connectedness of $mathcal P_e(S)$. Further, we characterized the semigroup $S$ such that $mathcal P_e(S)$ is complete, bipartite, regular, tree and null graph, respectively. Also, we have investigated the planarity together with the minimum degree and independence number of $mathcal P_e(S)$. The chromatic number of a spanning subgraph, viz. the cyclic graph, of $mathcal P_e(S)$ is proved to be countable. At the final part of this paper, we construct an example of a semigroup $S$ such that the chromatic number of $mathcal P_e(S)$ need not be countable.
For a group $G$, we define a graph $Delta(G)$ by letting $G^{#} = G setminus { 1 }$ be the set of vertices and by drawing an edge between distinct elements $x,yin G^{#}$ if and only if the subgroup $langle x,yrangle$ is cyclic. Recall that a $Z$-group is a group where every Sylow subgroup is cyclic. In this short note, we investigate $Delta(G)$ for a $Z$-group $G$.
In this paper we introduce the Schutzenberger category $mathbb D(S)$ of a semigroup $S$. It stands in relation to the Karoubi envelope (or Cauchy completion) of $S$ in the same way that Schutzenberger groups do to maximal subgroups and that the local divisors of Diekert do to the local monoids $eSe$ of $S$ with $ein E(S)$. In particular, the objects of $mathbb D(S)$ are the elements of $S$, two objects of $mathbb D(S)$ are isomorphic if and only if the corresponding semigroup elements are $mathscr D$-equivalent, the endomorphism monoid at $s$ is the local divisor in the sense of Diekert and the automorphism group at $s$ is the Schutzenberger group of the $mathscr H$-class of $S$. This makes transparent many well-known properties of Greens relations. The paper also establishes a number of technical results about the Karoubi envelope and Schutzenberger category that were used by the authors in a companion paper on syntactic invariants of flow equivalence of symbolic dynamical systems.
Tetris is a popular puzzle video game, invented in 1984. We formulate tw
The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the class of automaton semigroups is closed under certain semigroup constructions. We prove that the free product of two automaton semigroups that contain left identities is again an automaton semigroup. We also show that the class of automaton semigroups is closed under the combined operation of free product followed by adjoining an identity. We present an example of a free product of finite semigroups that we conjecture is not an automaton semigroup. Turning to wreath products, we consider two slight generalizations of the concept of an automaton semigroup, and show that a wreath product of an automaton monoid and a finite monoid arises as a generalized automaton semigroup in both senses. We also suggest a potential counterexample that would show that a wreath product of an automaton monoid and a finite monoid is not a necessarily an automaton monoid in the usual sense.
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