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Let $mathcal{T}$ be a rooted tree endowed with the natural partial order $preceq$. Let $(Z(v))_{vin mathcal{T}}$ be a sequence of independent standard Gaussian random variables and let $alpha = (alpha_k)_{k=1}^infty$ be a sequence of real numbers with $sum_{k=1}^infty alpha_k^2<infty$. Set $alpha_0 =0$ and define a Gaussian process on $mathcal{T}$ in the following way: [ G(mathcal{T}, alpha; v): = sum_{upreceq v} alpha_{|u|} Z(u), quad v in mathcal{T}, ] where $|u|$ denotes the graph distance between the vertex $u$ and the root vertex. Under mild assumptions on $mathcal{T}$, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the almost sure boundedness of the above Gaussian process. Our condition is also necessary and sufficient for the almost sure uniform convergence of the Gaussian process $G(mathcal{T}, alpha; v)$ along all rooted geodesic rays in $mathcal{T}$.
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The Maki-Thompson rumor model is defined by assuming that a population represented by a graph is subdivided into three classes of individuals; namely, ignorants, spreaders and stiflers. A spreader tells the rumor to any of its nearest ignorant neighbors at rate one. At the same rate, a spreader becomes a stifler after a contact with other nearest neighbor spreaders, or stiflers. In this work we study the model on random trees. As usual we define a critical parameter of the model as the critical value around which the rumor either becomes extinct almost-surely or survives with positive probability. We analyze the existence of phase-transition regarding the survival of the rumor, and we obtain estimates for the mean range of the rumor. The applicability of our results is illustrated with examples on random trees generated from some well-known discrete distributions.
We address questions of logic and expressibility in the context of random rooted trees. Infiniteness of a rooted tree is not expressible as a first order sentence, but is expressible as an existential monadic second order sentence (EMSO). On the other hand, finiteness is not expressible as an EMSO. For a broad class of random tree models, including Galton-Watson trees with offspring distributions that have full support, we prove the stronger statement that finiteness does not agree up to a null set with any EMSO. We construct a finite tree and a non-null set of infinite trees that cannot be distinguished from each other by any EMSO of given parameters. This is proved via set-pebble Ehrenfeucht games (where an initial colouring round is followed by a given number of pebble rounds).
We investigate the effective resistance $R_n$ and conductance $C_n$ between the root and leaves of a binary tree of height $n$. In this electrical network, the resistance of each edge $e$ at distance $d$ from the root is defined by $r_e=2^dX_e$ where the $X_e$ are i.i.d. positive random variables bounded away from zero and infinity. It is shown that $mathbf{E}R_n=nmathbf{E}X_e-(operatorname {mathbf{Var}}(X_e)/mathbf{E}X_e)ln n+O(1)$ and $operatorname {mathbf{Var}}(R_n)=O(1)$. Moreover, we establish sub-Gaussian tail bounds for $R_n$. We also discuss some possible extensions to supercritical Galton--Watson trees.
We study the asymptotic behaviour of once-reinforced biased random walk (ORbRW) on Galton-Watson trees. Here the underlying (unreinforced) random walk has a bias towards or away from the root. We prove that in the setting of multiplicative once-reinforcement the ORbRW can be recurrent even when the underlying biased random walk is ballistic. We also prove that, on Galton-Watson trees without leaves, the speed is positive in the transient regime. Finally, we prove that, on regular trees, the speed of the ORbRW is monotone decreasing in the reinforcement parameter when the underlying random walk has high speed, and the reinforcement parameter is small.
We introduce a general recursive method to construct continuum random trees (CRTs) from independent copies of a random string of beads, that is, any random interval equipped with a random discrete probability measure, and from related structures. We prove the existence of these CRTs as a new application of the fixpoint method for recursive distribution equations formalised in high generality by Aldous and Bandyopadhyay. We apply this recursive method to show the convergence to CRTs of various tree growth processes. We note alternative constructions of existing self-similar CRTs in the sense of Haas, Miermont and Stephenson, and we give for the first time constructions of random compact R-trees that describe the genealogies of Bertoins self-similar growth fragmentations. In forthcoming work, we develop further applications to embedding problems for CRTs, providing a binary embedding of the stable line-breaking construction that solves an open problem of Goldschmidt and Haas.
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