We have performed a study of the isovector, octet and singlet axial charges of the proton in an extended chiral constituent quark model, where all the possible $uudqbar{q}$~($q=u,d,s$) five-quark Fock components in the proton wave function are taken into account. The $^3P_0$ quark-antiquark creation mechanism is assumed to account for the transition coupling between three- and five-quark components in proton, and the corresponding transition coupling strength is fixed by fitting the intrinsic sea flavor asymmetry $bar{d}-bar{u}$ data for proton. Accordingly, with all the parameters fixed by empirical values, the probabilities of the intrinsic five-quark Fock components in proton wave function should be $sim30 - 50%$, which lead to the numerical results for quark spin $Delta u$, $Delta d$ and $Delta s$, as well the axial charges of proton consistent with the experimental data and predictions by other theoretical approaches.