We revisit here congruence relations for Buchi automata, which play a central role in the automata-based verification. The size of the classical congruence relation is in $3^{mathcal{O}(n^2)}$, where $n$ is the number of states of a given Buchi automaton $mathcal{A}$. Here we present improved congruence relations that can be exponentially coarser than the classical one. We further give asymptotically optimal congruence relations of size $2^{mathcal{O}(n log n)}$. Based on these optimal congruence relations, we obtain an optimal translation from Buchi automata to a family of deterministic finite automata (FDFW) that accepts the complementary language. To the best of our knowledge, our construction is the first direct and optimal translation from Buchi automata to FDFWs.
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