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Register a new userFirst prototype of a biaxially textured YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-x}$ microwave cavity in a high magnetic field for dark matter axion search
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A high-quality factor microwave resonator in the presence of a strong magnetic field could have a wide range of applications, such as axion dark matter searches where the two aspects must coexist to enhance the experimental sensitivity. We introduce a polygon-shaped cavity design with bi-axially textured YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-x}$ superconducting tapes covering the entire inner wall. Using a 12-sided polygon cavity, we obtain substantially improved quality factors of the TM$_{010}$ mode at 6.9 GHz at 4 K with respect to a copper cavity and observe no considerable degradation in the presence of magnetic fields up to 8 T. This corresponds to the first demonstration of practical applications of superconducting radio frequency technology for axion and other research areas requiring low loss in a strong magnetic field. We address the importance of the successful demonstration and discuss further improvements.
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A high Q-factor microwave resonator in a high magnetic field could be of great use in a wide range of fields, from accelerator design to axion dark matter search. The natural choice of material for the superconducting cavity to be placed in a high field is a high temperature superconductor (HTS) with a high critical field. The deposition, however, of a high-quality, grain-aligned HTS film on a three-dimensional surface is technically challenging. We have fabricated a polygon-shaped resonant cavity with commercial YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$ (YBCO) tapes covering the entire inner wall and measured the Q-factor at 4 K at 6.93 GHz as a function of an external DC magnetic field. We demonstrated that the high Q-factor of the superconducting YBCO cavity showed no significant degradation from 1 T up to 8 T. This is the first indication of the possible applications of HTS technology to the research areas requiring a strong magnetic field at high radio frequencies.
We demonstrate a superconducting (SC) microwave (mw) cavity that can accelerate the dark matter search by maintaining superconductivity in a high DC magnetic field. We used high-temperature superconductor (HTSC) yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) with a phase transition temperature of 90K to prevent SC failure by the magnetic field. Since the direct deposition of HTSC film on the metallic mw cavity is very difficult, we used the commercial HTSC tapes which are flexible metallic tapes coated with HTSC thin films. We fabricated resonating cavity ($f_{TM010}$ ~ 6.89 GHz) with a third of the inner wall covered by YBCO tapes and measured the quality factor (Q factor) at 4K temperature, varying the DC magnetic field from 0 to 8 tesla. There was no significant quality (Q) factor drop and the superconductivity was well maintained even in 8 tesla magnetic field. This implies the possibility of good performance of HTSC mw resonant cavity under a strong magnetic field for axion detection.
The axion is a light pseudoscalar particle which suppresses CP-violating effects in strong interactions and also happens to be an excellent dark matter candidate. Axions constituting the dark matter halo of our galaxy may be detected by their resonant conversion to photons in a microwave cavity permeated by a magnetic field. The current generation of the microwave cavity experiment has demonstrated sensitivity to plausible axion models, and upgrades in progress should achieve the sensitivity required for a definitive search, at least for low mass axions. However, a comprehensive strategy for scanning the entire mass range, from 1-1000 $mu$eV, will require significant technological advances to maintain the needed sensitivity at higher frequencies. Such advances could include sub-quantum-limited amplifiers based on squeezed vacuum states, bolometers, and/or superconducting microwave cavities. The Axion Dark Matter eXperiment at High Frequencies (ADMX-HF) represents both a pathfinder for first data in the 20-100 $mu$eV range ($sim$5-25 GHz), and an innovation test-bed for these concepts.
The sensitivity of experimental searches for axion dark matter coupled to photons is typically proportional to the strength of the applied static magnetic field. We demonstrate how a permeable material can be used to enhance the magnitude of this static magnetic field, and therefore improve the sensitivity of such searches in the low frequency lumped-circuit limit. Using gadolinium iron garnet toroids at temperature 4.2 K results in a factor of 4 enhancement compared to an air-core toroidal design. The enhancement is limited by magnetic saturation. Correlation of signals from three such toroids allows efficient rejection of systematics due to electromagnetic interference. The sensitivity of a centimeter-scale axion dark matter search based on this approach is on the order of $g_{agammagamma}approx10^{-9}$ GeV$^{-1}$ after 8 hours of data collection for axion masses near $10^{-10}$ eV. This approach may substantially extend the sensitivity reach of large-volume lumped element axion dark matter searches.
Searches for dark matter axion involve the use of microwave resonant cavities operating in a strong magnetic field. Detector sensitivity is directly related to the cavity quality factor, which is limited, however, by the presence of the external magnetic field. In this paper we present a cavity of novel design whose quality factor is not affected by a magnetic field. It is based on a photonic structure by the use of sapphire rods. The quality factor at cryogenic temperature is in excess of $5 times 10^5$ for a selected mode.
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