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Register a new userCanadian Contributions to the Manhattan Project and Early Nuclear Research
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During the second world war, Canada made several important contributions to the wartime work of the Manhattan Project. The three main contributions were: establishing a domestic nuclear research laboratory in Montreal to investigate heavy water reactors, creating supply chains to provide uranium oxide, heavy water and polonium to the Manhattan Project, and the direct contributions of several Canadians living the United States. These wartime efforts helped establish a legacy of nuclear research in Canada which has persisted to the present day.
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This article describes the history of the computing facility at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project, 1944 to 1946. The hand computations are briefly discussed, but the focus is on the IBM Punch Card Accounting Machines (PCAM). During WWII the Los Alamos facility was one of most advanced PCAM facilities both in the machines and in the problems being solved.
The history and advances of neutronics calculations at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project through the present is reviewed. We briefly summarize early simpler, and more approximate neutronics methods. We then motivate the need to better predict neutronics behavior through consideration of theoretical equations, models and algorithms, experimental measurements, and available computing capabilities and their limitations. These, coupled with increasing post-war defense needs, and the invention of electronic computing led to the creation of Monte Carlo neutronics transport. As a part of the history, we note the crucial role that the scientific comradery between the great Los Alamos scientists played in the process. We focus heavily on these early developments and the subsequent successes of Monte Carlo and its applications to problems of national defense at Los Alamos. We cover the early methods, algorithms, and computers, electronic and women pioneers, that enabled Monte Carlo to spread to all areas of science.
Humankind is confronted with a nuclear stewardship curse, facing the prospect of needing to manage nuclear products over long time scales in the face of the short-time scales of human polities. I propose a super Manhattan-type effort to rejuvenate the nuclear energy industry to overcome the current dead-end in which it finds itself, and by force, humankind has trapped itself in. A 1% GDP investment over a decade in the main nuclear countries could boost economic growth with a focus on the real world, epitomised by nuclear physics/chemistry/engineering/economics with well defined targets. By investing vigorously to obtain scientific and technological breakthroughs, we can create the spring of a world economic rebound based on new ways of exploiting nuclear energy, both more safely and more durably.
In the 60s Professor Chen Ping Yang with Professor Chen Ning Yang published several seminal papers on the study of Bethes hypothesis for various problems of physics. The works on the lattice gas model, critical behaviour in liquid-gas transition, the one-dimensional (1D) Heisenberg spin chain, and the thermodynamics of 1D delta-function interacting bosons are significantly important and influential in the fields of mathematical physics and statistical mechanics. In particular, the work on the 1D Heisenberg spin chain led to subsequent developments in many problems using Bethes hypothesis. The method which Yang and Yang proposed to treat the thermodynamics of the 1D system of bosons with a delta-function interaction leads to significant applications in a wide range of problems in quantum statistical mechanics. The Yang and Yang thermodynamics has found beautiful experimental verifications in recent years.
New measurement and assessment techniques have been applied to the radiochemical re-evaluation of the Trinity Event. Thirteen trinitite samples were dissolved and analyzed using a combination of traditional decay counting methods and the mass spectrometry techniques. The resulting data were assessed using advanced simulation tools to afford a final yield determination of $24.8 pm 2$ kilotons TNT equivalent, substantially higher than the previous DOE released value of 21 kilotons. This article is intended to complement the work of Susan Hanson and Warren Oldham, seen elsewhere in this issue.
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