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Register a new userIncidence, scaling relations and physical conditions of ionised gas outflows in MaNGA
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In this work, we investigate the strength and impact of ionised gas outflows within $z sim 0.04$ MaNGA galaxies. We find evidence for outflows in 322 galaxies ($12%$ of the analysed line-emitting sample), 185 of which show evidence for AGN activity. Most outflows are centrally concentrated with a spatial extent that scales sublinearly with $R_{rm e}$. The incidence of outflows is enhanced at higher masses, central surface densities and deeper gravitational potentials, as well as at higher SFR and AGN luminosity. We quantify strong correlations between mass outflow rates and the mechanical drivers of the outflow of the form $dot{M}_{rm out} propto rm SFR^{0.97}$ and $dot{M}_{rm out} propto L_{rm AGN}^{0.55}$. We derive a master scaling relation describing the mass outflow rate of ionised gas as a function of $M_{star}$, SFR, $R_{rm e}$ and $L_{rm AGN}$. Most of the observed winds are anticipated to act as galactic fountains, with the fraction of galaxies with escaping winds increasing with decreasing potential well depth. We further investigate the physical properties of the outflowing gas finding evidence for enhanced attenuation in the outflow, possibly due to metal-enriched winds, and higher excitation compared to the gas in the galactic disk. Given that the majority of previous studies have focused on more extreme systems with higher SFRs and/or more luminous AGN, our study provides a unique view of the non-gravitational gaseous motions within `typical galaxies in the low-redshift Universe, where low-luminosity AGN and star formation contribute jointly to the observed outflow phenomenology.
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We employ MUSE/VLT data to study the ionised and highly ionised gas phases of the feedback in Circinus, the closest Seyfert 2 galaxy to us. The analysis of the nebular emission allowed us to detect a remarkable high-ionisation gas outflow beyond the galaxy plane traced by the coronal lines [Fe VII] $lambda$6089 and [Fe X] $lambda$6374, extending up to 700 pc and 350 pc NW from the nucleus, respectively. This is the first time that the [Fe X] emission is observed at such distances from the central engine in an AGN. The gas kinematics reveals expanding gas shells with velocities of a few hundred km s$^{-1}$, spatially coincident with prominent hard X-ray emission detected by Chandra. Density and temperature sensitive line ratios show that the extended high-ionisation gas is characterized by a temperature reaching 25000 K and an electron density > 10$^2$ cm$^{-3}$. We found that local gas excitation by shocks produced by the passage of a radio jet leads to the spectacular high-ionisation emission in this object. This hypothesis is fully supported by photoionisation models that accounts for the combined effects of the central engine and shocks. They reproduce the observed emission line spectrum at different locations inside and outside of the NW ionisation cone. The energetic outflow produced by the radio jet is spatially located close to an extended molecular outflow recently reported using ALMA which suggests that they both represent different phases of the same feedback process acting on the AGN.
The most intensively star-forming galaxies are extremely luminous at far-infrared (FIR) wavelengths, highly obscured at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, and lie at $zge 1-3$. We present a programme of ${it Herschel}$ FIR spectroscopic observations with the SPIRE FTS and photometric observations with PACS, both on board ${it Herschel}$, towards a sample of 45 gravitationally lensed, dusty starbursts across $zsim 1-3.6$. In total, we detected 27 individual lines down to 3-$sigma$, including nine $[rm C{small II}]$ 158-$mu$m lines with confirmed spectroscopic redshifts, five possible $[rm C{small II}]$ lines consistent with their far-infrared photometric redshifts, and in some individual sources a few $[rm O{small III}]$ 88-$mu$m, $[rm O{small III}]$ 52-$mu$m, $[rm O{small I}]$ 145-$mu$m, $[rm O{small I}]$ 63-$mu$m, $[rm N{small II}]$ 122-$mu$m, and OH 119-$mu$m (in absorption) lines. To derive the typical physical properties of the gas in the sample, we stack all spectra weighted by their intrinsic luminosity and by their 500-$mu$m flux densities, with the spectra scaled to a common redshift. In the stacked spectra, we detect emission lines of $[rm C{small II}]$ 158-$mu$m, $[rm N{small II}]$ 122-$mu$m, $[rm O{small III}]$ 88-$mu$m, $[rm O{small III}]$ 52-$mu$m, $[rm O{small I}]$ 63-$mu$m, and the absorption doublet of OH at 119-$mu$m, at high fidelity. We find that the average electron densities traced by the $[rm N{small II}]$ and $[rm O{small III}]$ lines are higher than the average values in local star-forming galaxies and ULIRGs, using the same tracers. From the $[rm N{small II}]/[rm C{small II}]$ and $[rm O{small I}]/[rm C{small II}]$ ratios, we find that the $[rm C{small II}]$ emission is likely dominated by the photo-dominated regions (PDR), instead of by ionised gas or large-scale shocks.
Fast outflows of gas, driven by the interaction between the radio-jets and ISM of the host galaxy, are being observed in an increasing number of galaxies. One such example is the nearby radio galaxy 3C293. In this paper we present Integral Field Unit (IFU) observations taken with OASIS on the William Herschel Telescope (WHT), enabling us to map the spatial extent of the ionised gas outflows across the central regions of the galaxy. The jet-driven outflow in 3C293 is detected along the inner radio lobes with a mass outflow rate ranging from $sim 0.05-0.17$ solar masses/yr (in ionised gas) and corresponding kinetic power of $sim 0.5-3.5times 10^{40}$ erg/s. Investigating the kinematics of the gas surrounding the radio jets (i.e. not directly associated with the outflow), we find line-widths broader than $300$ km/s up to 5 kpc in the radial direction from the nucleus (corresponding to 3.5 kpc in the direction perpendicular to the radio axis at maximum extent). Along the axis of the radio jet line-widths $>400$ km/s are detected out to 7 kpc from the nucleus and line-widths of $>500$ km/s at a distance of 12 kpc from the nucleus, indicating that the disturbed kinematics clearly extend well beyond the high surface brightness radio structures of the jets. This is suggestive of the cocoon structure seen in simulations of jet-ISM interaction and implies that the radio jets are capable of disturbing the gas throughout the central regions of the host galaxy in all directions.
We perform a joint-analysis of high spatial resolution molecular gas and star-formation rate (SFR) maps in main-sequence star-forming galaxies experiencing galactic-scale outflows of ionised gas. Our aim is to understand the mechanism that determines which galaxies are able to launch these intense winds. We observed CO(1-0) at 1 resolution with ALMA in 16 edge-on galaxies, which also have 2 spatial resolution optical integral field observations from the SAMI Galaxy Survey. Half the galaxies in the sample were previously identified as harbouring intense and large-scale outflows of ionised gas (outflow-types), the rest serve as control galaxies. The dataset is complemented by integrated CO(1-0) observations from the IRAM 30-m telescope to probe the total molecular gas reservoirs. We find that the galaxies powering outflows do not possess significantly different global gas fractions or star-formation efficiencies when compared with a control sample. However, the ALMA maps reveal that the molecular gas in the outflow-type galaxies is distributed more centrally than in the control galaxies. For our outflow-type objects, molecular gas and star-formation is largely confined within their inner effective radius ($rm r_{eff}$), whereas in the control sample the distribution is more diffuse, extending far beyond $rm r_{eff}$. We infer that outflows in normal star-forming galaxies may be caused by dynamical mechanisms that drive molecular gas into their central regions, which can result in locally-enhanced gas surface density and star-formation.
This paper provides an update of our previous scaling relations (Genzel et al.2015) between galaxy integrated molecular gas masses, stellar masses and star formation rates, in the framework of the star formation main-sequence (MS), with the main goal to test for possible systematic effects. For this purpose our new study combines three independent methods of determining molecular gas masses from CO line fluxes, far-infrared dust spectral energy distributions, and ~1mm dust photometry, in a large sample of 1444 star forming galaxies (SFGs) between z=0 and 4. The sample covers the stellar mass range log(M*/M_solar)=9.0-11.8, and star formation rates relative to that on the MS, delta_MS=SFR/SFR(MS), from 10^{-1.3} to 10^{2.2}. Our most important finding is that all data sets, despite the different techniques and analysis methods used, follow the same scaling trends, once method-to-method zero point offsets are minimized and uncertainties are properly taken into account. The molecular gas depletion time t_depl, defined as the ratio of molecular gas mass to star formation rate, scales as (1+z)^{-0.6}x(delta_MS)^{-0.44}, and is only weakly dependent on stellar mass. The ratio of molecular-to-stellar mass mu_gas depends on (1+z)^{2.5}x (delta_MS)^{0.52}x(M*)^{-0.36}, which tracks the evolution of the specific star formation rate. The redshift dependence of mu_gas requires a curvature term, as may the mass-dependences of t_depl and mu_gas. We find no or only weak correlations of t_depl and mu_gas with optical size R or surface density once one removes the above scalings, but we caution that optical sizes may not be appropriate for the high gas and dust columns at high-z.
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