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Register a new userUnderstanding the Inner Structure of Accretion disk in GX 17+2: AstroSats Outlook
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We performed the timing and spectral studies of a Z source GX 17+2 observed from Astrosat LAXPC instrument. Cross-Correlation function (CCF) was performed using soft (3-5 keV) and hard (16-40 keV) X -ray bands across the hardness intensity diagram and found correlated/anti-correlated hard and soft lags which seems to be a common feature in these sources. We performed spectral analysis for few of these observations and found no consistent variation in the spectral parameters during the lags, however 10-40% change was noticed in diskbb and power-law components in few of observations. For the first time, we report the detection of HBOs around $sim$25 Hz and $sim$ 33 Hz along with their harmonics using AstroSat LAXPC data. On comparison with spectral results of HB and other branches, we found that inner disk front is close to the last stable orbit and as such no systematic variations are observed. We suggest that the detected lags are readjustment time scales of corona close to the NS and constrained its height to be around few tens to hundreds of km. The detected lags and no significant variation of inner disk front across the HID strongly indicate that structural variation in corona is the most possible cause of Z track in HID.
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GX 301-2 provides a rare opportunity to study both disk and wind accretion in a same target. We report Insight-HXMT observations of the spin-up event of GX 301-2 happened in 2019 and compare with those of wind-fed state. The pulse profiles of the initial rapid spin-up period are dominated by one main peak, while those of the later slow spin-up period are composed of two similar peaks, as those of wind-fed state. These behaviors are confirmed by Fermi/GBM data, which also show that during the rapid spin-up period, the main peak increases with luminosity up to $8times10^{37}$ erg s$^{-1}$, but the faint peak keeps almost constant. The absorption column densities during the spin-up period are $sim1.5times10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$, much less than those of wind-fed state at similar luminosity ($sim9times10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$), supporting the scenario that most of material is condensed into a disk during the spin-up period. We discuss possible differences between disk and wind accretion that may explain the observed different trend of pulse profiles.
The simultaneous and coupled evolution of horizontal branch oscillation (HBO) and normal branch oscillation (NBO) in Z-type sources suggests that the production of HBO is connected to NBO and is caused by changes in the physical/radiative properties of the inner accretion disk, although there is a lack of substantial spectral evidence to support this. In this {it Letter}, we present the results of an analysis of a RXTE observation of a Z source GX~5-1, where the 6 Hz NBO is simultaneously detected along with a HBO at 51 Hz. The variations in the intensity and the associated power density spectrum indicate that the HBO and NBO are strongly coupled, originating from the same location in the inner accretion disk. The absence of HBO and NBO in the lower energy bands, an increase in the rms amplitude with energy and a smooth transition among them suggest that they are produced in the hot inner regions of the accretion disk. Based on a spectral analysis, we found a signature of changing or physically modified inner disk front during the coupled HBO and NBO evolution. We explore the various models to explain the observed phenomenon and propose that the NBO is affiliated to the oscillations in the thick/puffed-up inner region of the accretion disk.
For the first time, simultaneous broadband spectral and timing study of the atoll source 4U 1705-44 was performed using AstroSat Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) and Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) data (0.8-70 keV). Based on the HID, the source was in the soft banana state during these observations. Spectral modeling was performed using the full reflection framework and an inner disk radii of 14 Rg was obtained. A hard powerlaw tail was noticed in the soft state and hot component fluxes and varying powerlaw indices point towards a varying corona/sub-keplerian flow. Based on the spectral fits the boundary layer radius and magnetospheric radius were constrained to be $sim$ 14-18 km and $sim$ 9-19 km respectively. Cross- Correlation Function studies were performed between the 0.8-3 keV soft SXT lightcurve and 10-20 keV hard LAXPC lightcurve and correlated and anticorrelated lags were found, which was used to constrain the coronal height to 0.6-20 km (b{eta}=0.1). Since the inner disk radius is not varying during the observations, we conclude that the detected lags are possibly caused by a varying structure of corona/boundary layer in the inner region of the accretion disk. Based on the observations, a geometrical model is proposed for explaining the detected lags in the atoll source 4U 1705-44.
We performed spectro-temporal analysis in the 0.8--50 keV energy band of the neutron star Z source GX 17+2 using AstroSat Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) and Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) data. The source was found to vary in the normal branch of the Hardness Intensity Diagram. Cross-correlation studies of LAXPC light curves in soft and hard X-ray band unveiled anticorrelated lags of the order of few hundred seconds. For the first time, Cross-correlation studies were performed using SXT soft and LAXPC hard lightcurves and they exhibited correlated and anti-correlated lags of the order of a hundred seconds. Power density spectrum displayed NB oscillations of 6.7--7.8 Hz (quality factor 1.5--4.0). Spectral modeling resulted in inner disk radius of $sim$ 12--16 km with $Gamma$ $sim$ 2.31--2.44 indicating that disk is close to the ISCO and a similar value of disk radius was noticed based on the reflection model. Different methods were used to constrain the corona size in GX 17+2. Using the detected lags, corona size was found to be 27-46 km ($beta$ = 0.1, $beta$ = v$_{corona}$/v$_{disk}$) and 138--231 km ($beta$ = 0.5). Assuming the X-ray emission to be arising from the Boundary Layer (BL), its size was determined to be 57--71 km. Assuming that BL is ionizing the disks inner region, its size was constrained to $sim$ 19--86 km. Using NBO frequency, the transition shell radius was found to be around 32 km. Observed lags and no movement of the inner disk front strongly indicates that the varying corona structure is causing the X-ray variation in the NB of Z source GX 17+2.
We present $emph{NuSTAR}$ observations of neutron star (NS) low-mass X-ray binaries: 4U 1636-53, GX 17+2, and 4U 1705-44. We observed 4U 1636-53 in the hard state, with an Eddington fraction, $F_{mathrm{Edd}}$, of 0.01; GX 17+2 and 4U 1705-44 were in the soft state with fractions of 0.57 and 0.10, respectively. Each spectrum shows evidence for a relativistically broadened Fe K$_{alpha}$ line. Through accretion disk reflection modeling, we constrain the radius of the inner disk in 4U 1636-53 to be $R_{in}=1.03pm0.03$ ISCO (innermost stable circular orbit) assuming a dimensionless spin parameter $a_{*}=cJ/GM^{2}=0.0$, and $R_{in}=1.08pm0.06$ ISCO for $a_{*}=0.3$ (errors quoted at 1 $sigma$). This value proves to be model independent. For $a_{*}=0.3$ and $M=1.4 M_{odot}$, for example, $1.08pm0.06$ ISCO translates to a physical radius of $R=10.8pm0.6$ km, and the neutron star would have to be smaller than this radius (other outcomes are possible for allowed spin parameters and masses). For GX 17+2, $R_{in}=1.00-1.04$ ISCO for $a_{*}=0.0$ and $R_{in}=1.03-1.30$ ISCO for $a_{*}=0.3$. For $a_{*}=0.3$ and $M=1.4 M_{odot}$, $R_{in}=1.03-1.30$ ISCO translates to $R=10.3-13.0$ km. The inner accretion disk in 4U 1705-44 may be truncated just above the stellar surface, perhaps by a boundary layer or magnetosphere; reflection models give a radius of 1.46-1.64 ISCO for $a_{*}=0.0$ and 1.69-1.93 ISCO for $a_{*}=0.3$. We discuss the implications that our results may have on the equation of state of ultradense, cold matter and our understanding of the innermost accretion flow onto neutron stars with low surface magnetic fields, and systematic errors related to the reflection models and spacetime metric around less idealized neutron stars.
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