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Register a new userGradual Fine-Tuning for Low-Resource Domain Adaptation
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Haoran Xu
Publication date
2021
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Fine-tuning is known to improve NLP models by adapting an initial model trained on more plentiful but less domain-salient examples to data in a target domain. Such domain adaptation is typically done using one stage of fine-tuning. We demonstrate that gradually fine-tuning in a multi-stage process can yield substantial further gains and can be applied without modifying the model or learning objective.
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While large-scale pretrained language models have obtained impressive results when fine-tuned on a wide variety of tasks, they still often suffer from overfitting in low-resource scenarios. Since such models are general-purpose feature extractors, many of these features are inevitably irrelevant for a given target task. We propose to use Variational Information Bottleneck (VIB) to suppress irrelevant features when fine-tuning on low-resource target tasks, and show that our method successfully reduces overfitting. Moreover, we show that our VIB model finds sentence representations that are more robust to biases in natural language inference datasets, and thereby obtains better generalization to out-of-domain datasets. Evaluation on seven low-resource datasets in different tasks shows that our method significantly improves transfer learning in low-resource scenarios, surpassing prior work. Moreover, it improves generalization on 13 out of 15 out-of-domain natural language inference benchmarks. Our code is publicly available in https://github.com/rabeehk/vibert.
State-of-the-art abstractive summarization models generally rely on extensive labeled data, which lowers their generalization ability on domains where such data are not available. In this paper, we present a study of domain adaptation for the abstractive summarization task across six diverse target domains in a low-resource setting. Specifically, we investigate the second phase of pre-training on large-scale generative models under three different settings: 1) source domain pre-training; 2) domain-adaptive pre-training; and 3) task-adaptive pre-training. Experiments show that the effectiveness of pre-training is correlated with the similarity between the pre-training data and the target domain task. Moreover, we find that continuing pre-training could lead to the pre-trained models catastrophic forgetting, and a learning method with less forgetting can alleviate this issue. Furthermore, results illustrate that a huge gap still exists between the low-resource and high-resource settings, which highlights the need for more advanced domain adaptation methods for the abstractive summarization task.
Zero-resource named entity recognition (NER) severely suffers from data scarcity in a specific domain or language. Most studies on zero-resource NER transfer knowledge from various data by fine-tuning on different auxiliary tasks. However, how to properly select training data and fine-tuning tasks is still an open problem. In this paper, we tackle the problem by transferring knowledge from three aspects, i.e., domain, language and task, and strengthening connections among them. Specifically, we propose four practical guidelines to guide knowledge transfer and task fine-tuning. Based on these guidelines, we design a target-oriented fine-tuning (TOF) framework to exploit various data from three aspects in a unified training manner. Experimental results on six benchmarks show that our method yields consistent improvements over baselines in both cross-domain and cross-lingual scenarios. Particularly, we achieve new state-of-the-art performance on five benchmarks.
Biomedical text tagging systems are plagued by the dearth of labeled training data. There have been recent attempts at using pre-trained encoders to deal with this issue. Pre-trained encoder provides representation of the input text which is then fed to task-specific layers for classification. The entire network is fine-tuned on the labeled data from the target task. Unfortunately, a low-resource biomedical task often has too few labeled instances for satisfactory fine-tuning. Also, if the label space is large, it contains few or no labeled instances for majority of the labels. Most biomedical tagging systems treat labels as indexes, ignoring the fact that these labels are often concepts expressed in natural language e.g. `Appearance of lesion on brain imaging. To address these issues, we propose constructing extra labeled instances using label-text (i.e. labels name) as input for the corresponding label-index (i.e. labels index). In fact, we propose a number of strategies for manufacturing multiple artificial labeled instances from a single label. The network is then fine-tuned on a combination of real and these newly constructed artificial labeled instances. We evaluate the proposed approach on an important low-resource biomedical task called textit{PICO annotation}, which requires tagging raw text describing clinical trials with labels corresponding to different aspects of the trial i.e. PICO (Population, Intervention/Control, Outcome) characteristics of the trial. Our empirical results show that the proposed method achieves a new state-of-the-art performance for PICO annotation with very significant improvements over competitive baselines.
Real-world applications of natural language processing (NLP) are challenging. NLP models rely heavily on supervised machine learning and require large amounts of annotated data. These resources are often based on language data available in large quantities, such as English newswire. However, in real-world applications of NLP, the textual resources vary across several dimensions, such as language, dialect, topic, and genre. It is challenging to find annotated data of sufficient amount and quality. The objective of this thesis is to investigate methods for dealing with such low-resource scenarios in information extraction and natural language understanding. To this end, we study distant supervision and sequential transfer learning in various low-resource settings. We develop and adapt neural NLP models to explore a number of research questions concerning NLP tasks with minimal or no training data.
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