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Register a new userThe distribution of ionized, atomic and PDR gas around S1 in Rho Ophiuchus
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B. Mookerjea
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The early B star S1 in the Rho Ophiuchus cloud excites an HII region and illuminates a large egg-shaped photodissociation (PDR) cavity. The PDR is restricted to the west and south-west by the dense molecular Rho Oph A ridge, expanding more freely into the diffuse low density cloud to the north-east. We analyze new SOFIA GREAT, GMRT and APEX data together with archival data from Herschel/PACS, JCMT/HARPS to study the properties of the photo-irradiated ionized and neutral gas in this region. The tracers include [C II] at 158 micron, [O I] at 63 and 145 micron, J=6-5 transitions of CO and 13CO, HCO+ (4-3), radio continuum at 610 and 1420 MHz and HI at 21 cm. The PDR emission is strongly red-shifted to the south-east of the nebula, and primarily blue-shifted on the north western side. The [C II] and and [O I]63 spectra are strongly self-absorbed over most of the PDR. By using the optically thin counterparts, [13C II] and [O I]145 respectively, we conclude that the self-absorption is dominated by the warm (>80 K) foreground PDR gas and not by the surrounding cold molecular cloud. We estimate the column densities of C+ and O of the PDR to be 3e18 and 2e19 cm^-2, respectively. Comparison of stellar far-ultraviolet flux and reprocessed infrared radiation suggest enhanced clumpiness of the gas to the north-west. Analysis of the emission from the PDR gas suggests the presence of at least three density components consisting of high density (10^6 cm^-3) clumps, medium density (10^4 cm^-3) and diffuse (10^3 cm^-3) interclump medium. The medium density component primarily contributes to the thermal pressure of the PDR gas which is in pressure equilibrium with the molecular cloud to the west. We find that the PDR is tilted and warped with the south-eastern side of the cavity being denser on the front and the north-western side being denser on the rear.
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We analyze a [C II] 158 micron map obtained with the L2 GREAT receiver on SOFIA of the emission/reflection nebula illuminated by the early B star S1 in the rho-OphA cloud core. This data set has been complemented with maps of CO(3-2), 13CO(3-2) and C18O(3-2), observed as a part of the JCMT Gould Belt Survey, with archival HCO^+(4-3) JCMT data, as well as with [O I] 63 and 145 micron imaging with Herschel/PACS. The [C II] emission is completely dominated by the strong PDR emission from the nebula surrounding S1 expanding into the dense Oph A molecular cloud west and south of S1. The [C II] emission is significantly blue shifted relative to the CO spectra and also relative to the systemic velocity, particularly in the northwestern part of the nebula. The [C II] lines are broader towards the center of the S1 nebula and narrower towards the PDR shell. The [C II] lines are strongly self-absorbed over an extended region in the S1 PDR. Based on the strength of the [13C II] F = 2-1 hyperfine component, [C II] is significantly optically thick over most of the nebula. CO and 13CO(3-2) spectra are strongly self-absorbed, while C18O(3-2) is single peaked and centered in the middle of the self-absorption. We have used a simple two-layer LTE model to characterize the background and foreground cloud contributing to the [C II] emission. From this analysis we estimate the extinction due to the foreground cloud to be ~9.9 mag, which is slightly less than the reddening estimated towards S1. Since some of the hot gas in the PDR is not traced by low J CO emission, this result appears quite plausible. Using a plane parallel PDR model with the observed [OI(145)]/[C II] brightness ratio and an estimated FUV intensity of 3100-5000 G0 suggests that the density of the [C II] emitting gas is ~3-4x10^3 cm^-3.
We investigate to what degree local physical and chemical conditions are related to the evolutionary status of various objects in star-forming media. rho Oph A displays the entire sequence of low-mass star formation in a small volume of space. Using spectrophotometric line maps of H2, H2O, NH3, N2H+, O2, OI, CO, and CS, we examine the distribution of the atomic and molecular gas in this dense molecular core. The physical parameters of these species are derived, as are their relative abundances in rho Oph A. Using radiative transfer models, we examine the infall status of the cold dense cores from their resolved line profiles of the ground state lines of H2O and NH3, where for the latter no contamination from the VLA 1623 outflow is observed and line overlap of the hyperfine components is explicitly taken into account. The stratified structure of this photon dominated region (PDR), seen edge-on, is clearly displayed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and OI are seen throughout the region around the exciting star S1. At the interface to the molecular core 0.05 pc away, atomic hydrogen is rapidly converted into H2, whereas OI protrudes further into the molecular core. This provides oxygen atoms for the gas-phase formation of O2 in the core SM1, where X(O2)~ 5.e-8. There, the ratio of the O2 to H2O abundance [X(H2O)~ 5.e-9] is significantly higher than unity. Away from the core, O2 experiences a dramatic decrease due to increasing H2O formation. Outside the molecular core, on the far side as seen from S1, the intense radiation from the 0.5 pc distant early B-type star HD147889 destroys the molecules. Towards the dark core SM1, the observed abundance ratio X(O2)/X(H2O)>1, which suggests that this object is extremely young, which would explain why O2 is such an elusive molecule outside the solar system.
We present the results of data analysis of the [CI] ($^{3}P_{1}$-$^{3}P_{0}$) emission from the $rho$ Ophiuchi A photon-dominated region (PDR) obtained in the ALMA ACA stand-alone mode with a spatial resolution of 2.6 (360 au). The [CI] emission shows filamentary structures with a width of $sim$1000 au, which are adjacent to the shell structure seen in the 4.5 $mu$m map. We found that the 4.5 $mu$m emission, C$^0$, and CO are distributed in this order from the excitation star (S1) in a complementary pattern. These results indicate that [CI] is emitted from a thin layer in the PDR generated by the excitation star, as predicted in the plane-parallel PDR model. In addition, extended [CI] emission was also detected, which shows nearly uniform integrated intensity over the entire field-of-view (1.6$times$1.6). The line profile of the extended component is different from that of the above shell component. The column density ratio of C$^0$ to CO in the extended component was $sim$2, which is significantly higher than those of Galactic massive star-forming regions (0.1-0.2). These results suggest that [CI] is emitted also from the extended gas with a density of $n_mathrm{H_2} sim 10^3$ cm$^{-3}$, which is not greatly affected by the excitation star.
We detected a compact ionized gas associated physically with IRS13E3, an Intermediate Mass Black Hole (IMBH) candidate in the Galactic Center, in the continuum emission at 232 GHz and H30$alpha$ recombination line using ALMA Cy.5 observation (2017.1.00503.S, P.I. M.Tsuboi). The continuum emission image shows that IRS13E3 is surrounded by an oval-like structure. The angular size is $0.093pm0.006times 0.061pm0.004$ ( $1.14times10^{16}$ cm $times 0.74times10^{16}$ cm). The structure is also identified in the H30$alpha$ recombination line. This is seen as an inclined linear feature in the position-velocity diagram, which is usually a defining characteristic of a rotating gas ring around a large mass. The gas ring has a rotating velocity of $V_mathrm{rot}simeq230$ km s$^{-1}$ and an orbit radius of $rsimeq6times10^{15}$ cm. From these orbit parameters, the enclosed mass is estimated to be $M_{mathrm{IMBH}}simeq2.4times10^4$ $M_odot$. The mass is within the astrometric upper limit mass of the object adjacent to Sgr A$^{ast}$. Considering IRS13E3 has an X-ray counterpart, the large enclosed mass would be supporting evidence that IRS13E3 is an IMBH. Even if a dense cluster corresponds to IRS13E3, the cluster would collapse into an IMBH within $tau<10^7$ years due to the very high mass density of $rho gtrsim8times10^{11} M_odot pc^{-3}$. Because the orbital period is estimated to be as short as $T=2pi r/V_mathrm{rot}sim 50-100$ yr, the morphology of the observed ionized gas ring is expected to be changed in the next several decades. The mean electron temperature and density of the ionized gas are $bar{T}_{mathrm e}=6800pm700$ K and $bar{n}_{mathrm e}=6times10^5$ cm$^{-3}$, respectively. Then the mass of the ionized gas is estimated to be $M_{mathrm{gas}}=4times10^{-4} M_odot$.
We present 21cm HI observations of four Hickson Compact Groups with evidence for a substantial intragroup medium using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT). By mapping H I emission in a region of 25$^{prime}times$25$^{prime}$ (140-650 kpc) surrounding each HCG, these observations provide better estimates of HI masses. In particular, we detected 65% more HI than that detected in the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) imaging of HCG92. We also identify if the diffuse gas has the same spatial distribution as the high-surface brightness (HSB) HI features detected in the VLA maps of these groups by comparing the HI strengths between the observed and modeled masses based on VLA maps. We found that the HI observed with the GBT to have a similar spatial distribution as the HSB structures in HCGs 31 and 68. Conversely, the observed HI distributions in HCGs44 and 92 were extended and showed significant offsets from the modeled masses. Most of the faint gas in HCG44 lies to the Northeast-Southwest region and in HCG 92 lies in the Northwest region of their respective groups. The spatial and dynamical similarities between the total (faint+HSB) and the HSB HI indicate that the faint gas is of tidal origin. We found that the gas will survive ionization by the cosmic UV background and the escaping ionizing photons from the star forming regions and stay primarily neutral for at least 500 Myrs.
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