No Arabic abstract
In the study of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of the form $hat{L}[y(x)]=f(x)$, where $hat{L}$ is a linear differential operator, two related phenomena can arise: resonance, where $f(x)propto u(x)$ and $hat{L}[u(x)]=0$, and repeated roots, where $f(x)=0$ and $hat{L}=hat{D}^n$ for $ngeq 2$. We illustrate a method to generate exact solutions to these problems by taking a known homogeneous solution $u(x)$, introducing a parameter $epsilon$ such that $u(x)rightarrow u(x;epsilon)$, and Taylor expanding $u(x;epsilon)$ about $epsilon = 0$. The coefficients of this expansion $frac{partial^k u}{partialepsilon^k}big{|}_{epsilon=0}$ yield the desired resonant or repeated root solutions to the ODE. This approach, whenever it can be applied, is more insightful and less tedious than standard methods such as reduction of order or variation of parameters. While the ideas can be introduced at the undergraduate level, we could not find any elementary or advanced text that illustrates these ideas with appropriate generality.
This note reports on the recent advancements in the search for explicit representation, in classical special functions, of the solutions of the fourth-order ordinary differential equations named Bessel-type, Jacobi-type, Laguerre-type, Legendre-type.
We present some distinct asymptotic properties of solutions to Caputo fractional differential equations (FDEs). First, we show that the non-trivial solutions to a FDE can not converge to the fixed points faster than $t^{-alpha}$, where $alpha$ is the order of the FDE. Then, we introduce the notion of Mittag-Leffler stability which is suitable for systems of fractional-order. Next, we use this notion to describe the asymptotical behavior of solutions to FDEs by two approaches: Lyapunovs first method and Lyapunovs second method. Finally, we give a discussion on the relation between Lipschitz condition, stability and speed of decay, separation of trajectories to scalar FDEs.
We study the rational solutions of the Abel equation $x=A(t)x^3+B(t)x^2$ where $A,Bin C[t]$. We prove that if $deg(A)$ is even or $deg(B)>(deg(A)-1)/2$ then the equation has at most two rational solutions. For any other case, an upper bound on the number of rational solutions is obtained. Moreover, we prove that if there are more than $(deg(A)+1)/2$ rational solutions then the equation admits a Darboux first integral.
We consider the uniqueness of solutions of ordinary differential equations where the coefficients may have singularities. We derive upper bounds on the the order of singularities of the coefficients and provide examples to illustrate the results.
Under a mild Lipschitz condition we prove a theorem on the existence and uniqueness of global solutions to delay fractional differential equations. Then, we establish a result on the exponential boundedness for these solutions.